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Pope Paul Iii: New Rome
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During his 15 years as pope, Paul III created a new atmosphere about the papacy. He raised to the College of Cardinals most exemplary men, such as Marcello Cervini (who became Marcellus II), Reginald Pole, Giampietro Carafa (later Paul IV), and Gasparo Contarini. In 1526 Paul inaugurated the incisive review of the central problem of reform in the Church known as the Consilium de emandanda ecclesia. In 1542 he founded the Congregation of the Roman Inquisition, or the Holy Office, as the final court of appeal in trials of heresy. He encouraged many new religious communities and gave papal approbation of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1540 and of the Ursulines in 1544.
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On September 27, 1540, Pope Paul III signed the Bull Regimini militantis Ecclesiae, establishing the Society of Jesus. Before that King John III of Portugal had repeatedly petitioned Pope Paul III for the dispatch of Jesuits to the East Indies, which were under his protection. In compliance with the wishes of the Pope, Ignatius picked two, Simao Rodrigues and Nicolas Bobadilla, from the group of only six Jesuits in Rome at the time, and another two had already been chosen to go to Ireland and Scotland. Rodrigues then fell ill and, being unable to go to Lisbon on foot, left for Lisbon by ship. Bobadilla was to leave Rome for Lisbon on March 15, 1590, at the latest. However, he returned to Rome from his missionary work in Calabria on March 14, one day before the date of his scheduled departure.
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After the death of Paul III on 10 November, 1549, the forty-eight cardinals present in Rome entered the conclave on 29 November. They were divided into three factions: the Imperials, the French, and the adherents of Farnese. The friends of Farnese united with the Imperial party and proposed Reginald Pole and Juan de Toledo as their candidates. The French party rejected both and, though in the minority, they were strong enough to prevent the election of either candidate. The adherents of Farnese and the French party finally reached a compromise and agreed upon Cardinal del Monte, who was duly elected on 7 February, 1550, after a conclave of ten weeks, although the emperor had expressly excluded him from the list of candidates. The new pope took the name of Julius III.
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The final irony came when Carafa eventually became Pope Paul IV He placed his own document on the newly launched Index of Prophibited Books which he himself had created! It was well hidden, not under “C” for Consilium but “L” for Lib inscrip (Book headed) Consilium de emendenda. Apologists say he perhaps meant the prohibition to apply only to heretical Protestant versions with glosses. However the impression given was of the pope putting a total ban on his own words to the great amusement of many in Europe. Certainly Mendham in his day believed a total ban was what the Index was demanding. But the Consilium is not just dead controversy.
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As befits a Counter-Reformation pope, Paul tried to lessen the losses to the Catholic Church caused by its own corruption and excess, and resisted until his last breath any real reform in the church. His chief reason for approving a new Society, when gluttony and depravity tainted all monastic Orders, was to enforce orthodoxy in the church as a hedge against the Protestant heresy. He ... excommunicated Henry VIII of England for divorcing Catherine of Aragon, established the Index of Prohibited Books to censor church criticism, formally established the Congregation of the Roman Inquisition or Holy Office to quash heresy, and still had time to promote two of his grandsons to cardinals — one age 14, the other age 16.
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Both translations were before the committee which Paul III had set up for examination. Francisco de Borja obtained at that time the pope's approval by the breve 'Pastoralis officii' from July 31st 1548. In the same year, on November 11th 1548, the Frusius edition was published in Rome. The duke of Gandía paid the costs of the first edition.
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