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Personality Traits
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Eysenck conceptualized personality as three biologically based traits of temperament: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism (H. J. Eysenck & M. W. Eysenck, 1985). Extraversion is characterized by being outgoing, talkative, high on positive affect, and in need of external stimulation. According to Eysenck's arousal theory of extraversion, there is an optimal level of cortical arousal, and performance deteriorates as one becomes more or less aroused than this optimal level. Thus, at very low and very high levels of arousal, performance is low, but at a more optimal mid-level of arousal, performance is maximized.1 Extraverts, according to Eysenck's theory, are chronically under-aroused and bored and are therefore in need of external stimulation to bring them up to an optimal level of performance. Introverts, on the other hand, are chronically over-aroused and jittery and are therefore in need of peace and quiet to bring them up to an optimal level of performance.
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Type A personality traits are medically related to an increased risk of health problems. To remain healthy, it becomes important to recognize the unhealthy traits of type A personality. Type A personalities are often viewed as rude and impatient workaholics. The stigma of being viewed by society as overly competitive, abrupt and angry may cause those who exhibit the type A personality traits to feel hostility in the social environment. It is important to understand that being an extreme type A personality does not mean that one has an inherent bad personality. Type A personality is normal, but like many stressful lifestyles it can lead to health problems down the road.
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Personality traits tend to appear in groups or clusters. Certain traits tend to appear together. For example, one grouping is: sensible, honest, energetic, hard working, self-reliant, dependable, trustworthy, diligent, perseverant, independent, conscientious, responsible, rational Another grouping is: lazy, dishonest, dependent, irresponsible, untrustworthy, non- persevering, careless, irrational The traits in a particular group tend to go well together, reinforcing each other. The different groups represent distinct personality patterns.
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Over the years several efforts have helped to understand and develop a common vocabulary to describe personality traits. The most fruitful begin with the simple idea that humans introduce words into their language to describe interesting aspects of the world around them. This idea forms the basis for the lexical hypothesis, which states: [DeRaad]
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Customer Service Aptitude Profile (CSAP): The companion test to the SalesAP, the CSAP is a 140-item test of personality traits that have been shown to be critical to success in customer service and related positions. The CSAP provides an overall recommendation on candidate's suitability for customer service-related positions, based on traits such as cooperativeness, personal diplomacy, patience, and more.
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The BIS/BAS Scales (Carver & White, 1994) were developed to provide a self-report measure of Gray's (1987) theory of personality traits. One problem with the scales devised is that rather than a single BAS scale to index phenomena related to impulsivity, this measure includes three BAS scales (BAS reward responsiveness, BAS drive, and BAS fun seeking).
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Personality Traits