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Periodic Table: Groups
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The origin of the periodic table was explained in the 1920s in terms of the basic physical laws (quantum mechanics) obeyed by the electrons of an atom. Thus, the rows in the periodic table correspond to the shell number, n, and groups correspond to a particular electronic configuration designated by the number and type of electrons in the outermost shell. These electrons govern chemical properties and are known as valence electrons. See ... Electron configuration; Valence.
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The alkaline earths are located in Group IIA (second column) of the periodic table. Calcium and magnesium are examples of alkaline earths. These metals form many compounds. They have ions with a +2 charge. Their atoms are smaller than those of the alkali metals.
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The 6 elements classified as "Alkali Metals" are located in Group 1 elements of the Periodic Table. Elements classified as Alkali Metals are very reactive metals that do not occur freely in nature. Alkali metals are soft, malleable, ductile, and are good conductors of heat and electricity. The Alkali Metals are:
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Because of this ambivalent behavior of H, some people place H in two places on the Periodic Table: in Group IA and ... in Group VIIA. Other Periodic Tables place H at the top of the Periodic Table -- leaving it out of all Groups. Most Periodic Tables, however, show H in Group IA.
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The 38 elements in groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table are called "transition metals." As with all metals, the transition elements are both ductile and malleable, and conduct electricity and heat. Their valence electrons are present in more than one shell. This is why they often exhibit several common oxidation states.
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The 7 elements classified as "Non-metals" are located in Groups 14,15 and 16 of the Periodic Table. Non-metals are not easily able to conduct electricity or heat and do not reflect light . Non-metallic elements are very brittle, and cannot be rolled into wires or pounded into sheets. Non-metallic elements exist, at room temperature, in two of the three states of matter : gases (such as oxygen) and solids (such as carbon).
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