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Peloponnesian League
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During the Persian War (480-479), the Peloponnesian League was the model of the Hellenic League that fought against the invaders. It met at the Corinthian isthmus. It would not be exaggerated to say that all Greek nations had now more or less become members of the alliance of Sparta and accepted its leadership. This unity did not survive when the danger had passed. The Spartan leader Pausanias was incapable of keeping the allies together, so that the Hellenic League fell apart in a restored Peloponnesian League and the Delian League, which was under Athenian leadership.
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The Corinthinans, the Spartans, and other in the Peloponnesian League sent more reinforcements to Syracuse, in the hopes of driving off the Athenians; but instead of withdrawing, the Athenians sent another hundred ships and another 5000 troops to Sicily. Under Gylippus, the Syracusans and their allies were able to decisively beat the Athenians on land; and Gylippus encourgaed the Syracusans to build a navy, which was able to defeat the Athenian fleet when they attemted to withdraw. The Athenian army, attempting to withdraw overland to other, more friendly Sicilian cities, was divided and defeated; the entire Athenian fleet was destroyed, and virtually the Athenian army was sold off into slavery.
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Since the mid 6th century BC (550) the Peloponnesian League had been formed under the supremacy of Sparta as a rival to Athens. In 431 BC as Athenian power and influence grew and Athens had assisted the city of Corcyra in a war against the Spartan ally of Corinth, the a great war between the two Greek rivals was begun. The Peloponnesian War was the struggle between those two city states that had dominated Greek politics for several centuries. It lasted until 404 BC and resulted in eventual Spartan supremacy over its rivals. Upon its victory, Sparta formed an oligarchic government known as the Thirty Tyrants to rule Athens and similar forms of oppressive governments were formed in the city states throughout the region. Despite previous Athenian aggression and domination of its neighbors, Spartan rule soon proved itself to be a far less welcome alternative.
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The Peloponnesian League can best be seen as a network of probably bilateral perpetual alliances. Except for Argos, all towns on the Peloponnese were member of the Spartan alliance. Most of them had sworn, like Tegea, to subordinate their foreign policy to Spartan wishes and received protection in return. Sparta could ... call for (perhaps one third of) a town's soldiers, who had to serve under Spartan command. Still, a major city like Corinth was left a considerable freedom. The historian Thucydides records how in the late 430's, the Corinthians waged war against the Corcyrans without much care about Spartan leadership.
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The Isthmian states of Corinth and Megara ... joined the Peloponnesian League. At this time, Sparta was on friendly terms with Athens, but Athens, under Pisistratus, tried to maintain friendly terms with Argos.
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Peloponnesian League