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Nuremberg Trials
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The Nuremberg Trials are a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany. The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Germany, from 1945 to 1949, at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice. The first and best known of these trials was the Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal (IMT), which tried 24 of the most important captured leaders of Nazi Germany. It was held from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946. The second set of trials of lesser war criminals was conducted under Control Council Law No. 10 at the U.S. Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT), among them included the Doctors' Trial and the Judges' Trial. This article primarily deals with the IMT; see the separate article on the NMT for details on those trials.
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“The Nuremberg Trials” were not just one court case, but a series of legal proceedings. International tribunals presented indictments against war criminals, which were divided into a number of categories. The main trial was held against 22 heads of the Nazi regime (pictured, seated in the back). There were ... additional trials concerning members of the Einsatzgruppen (US v. Otto Ohlendorf and others), the top German command, doctors, industrialists and other categories. In all 13 trials were held between 1945-1949.
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The Nuremberg Trials had a profound impact on the evolution of international law and concepts of responsibility for war and behavior in war. The tribunal rejected the argument that the trials were ex post facto, asserting that the acts of which the defendants were accused had been considered crimes long before World War II. Furthermore, the results of the trials clearly held individuals, military or civilian, responsible for conduct leading to or during war. The tribunal rejected the contention that the state, not individuals, was responsible for war and other national policies. The tribunal ... rejected the defense that the accused were only following orders issued by others. Instead, individuals were held responsible for their actions, although for those found guilty, the tribunal indicated that a person's place in the hierarchy of authority and the nature of those orders could be considered as mitigating circumstances in the determination of sentencing.
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On November 20, 1945, the Nuremberg Trials were held to punish Nazis for the war crimes that they committed during the Holocaust. The Allied countries (Great Britain, the United States, France, and the Soviet Union) charged 24 Nazi officials with war crimes, conspiracy against peace, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity. Four of seven accused Nazi organizations were ... declared criminal: the Leadership Corps of the National Socialist Party, the SS (Schutzstaffel, "Defense Corps"), the SD (Sicherheitsdienst, "Security Service"), and the Gestapo. Of the accused individuals, twelve defendants were sentenced to death by hanging, seven received prison terms that lasted from ten years to life, and three were acquitted. Those sentenced to death were executed on October 16, 1946.
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Unlike the Nuremberg Trials, some elements of the Tokyo War Crimes Trials remain legally controversial. One was the conviction and execution of Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita, who was held responsible for barbarous acts against civilians in the defense of Manila in 1944, despite the fact that he had ordered Japanese soldiers to leave the city in an orderly manner and had no idea the atrocities occurred, and regardless of the fact that most of these barbarities had been committed by naval ground troops not under his direct command. MacArthur and the U.S. Supreme Court refused his appeal.
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The Nuremberg Trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany, from 1945 through 1949 at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice. The first of these trials was the trial of Major War Criminals, which tried 24 of the most important captured leaders of Nazi Germany. It was held from Nov. 20, 1945 to Oct. 1, 1946. The second set of trials of lesser war criminals was conducted under Control Council Law No.10 at the U.S. Nuremberg Military Tribunals, including the famous Doctor's Trial, and the Einsatzgruppen Trials against the death squads
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