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Nuremberg Trials: War Crimes
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[T]he Nuremberg trials established that individuals cannot shield themselves from liability for war crimes by asserting that they were simply following orders issued by a superior in the chain of command. Subordinates in the military or government are now bound by their obligations under international law, obligations that transcend their duty to obey an order issued by a superior. Orders to initiate aggressive (as opposed to defensive) warfare, to violate recognized rules and customs of warfare, or to persecute civilians and prisoners are considered illegal under the Nuremberg principles.
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The most influential and senior military personnel were tried at Nuremberg, including Keitel, Göring, Jodl, Doenitz, and Raeder. The two other trials that were directed at senior military personnel were the "Hostage Case" and the "High Command Case". The former was concerned with war crimes perpetrated in the course of the occupation of Yugoslavia, Albania and Greece. In the second case senior commanders were indicted on charges of crimes against the peace, crimes against humanity and war crimes.
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This approach sets Witnesses to Nuremberg apart from other literature about the trials. Stave and Palmer do not concentrate on justifying the concept of postwar war crimes trials or the legal technicalities of the prosecution and defense; instead they offer the distinctly personal views of those who w ere there and their impressions of the atmosphere, details, and personalities of the trials. The authors seek to capture the "Nuremberg experience," from living in a bombed-out city, to rebuilding the courtroom, to the everyday lives of the participants.
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Twelve trials, involving more than a hundred defendants and several different courts, took place in Nuremberg. By far the most attention has focused on the first Nuremberg trial of 21 major war criminals.
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The Nuremberg tribunals were established at the conclusion of World War II to mete out justice to the principal perpetrators of the Holocaust. The International Military Tribunal addressed four counts: (1) the common plan or conspiracy, (2) crimes against peace, (3) war crimes (including genocide), and (4) crimes against humanity.
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The lists of the first war criminals to be tried at Nuremberg are drawn up by a 'Four Power' Commission of Prosecutors in London. Goring, Hess, von Ribbentrop, Dr Ley, Rosenberg, Dr Frank, Streicher, Keitel, Dr Funk, von Shirach, Dr Schacht, Sauckel, Prof Speer, Bormann, von Papen, Jodl, Krupp, Raeder, Donitz, Baron von Neurath, Seyss-Inquart and Frische are all named.
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