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Nuremberg Trials: Nazi Germany
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Almost forty years after the Tribunal handed down its verdicts, Nuremberg document USSR-378 was definitively exposed as a fraud. It is a purported record of numerous private conversations with Hitler by Hermann Rauschning, a former National Socialist official in Danzig. In brutal language, the Führer supposedly revealed his most intimate thoughts and secret plans for world conquest. Rauschning's "memoir" was published in 1939 in Britain under the title Hitler Speaks, and in the United States in 1940 as The Voice of Destruction. It was this US edition that was accepted in evidence at Nuremberg as proof of the "guiding principles of the Nazi regime."
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The Judges at Nuremberg applied the principle of individual responsibility on those charged. This meant that each of these individuals had to be given the right to trial before being held personally responsible. Most of those tried accepted that they had committed such acts. However they said that they were merely following orders. However, the London Charter had already held that neither official position nor the orders of a superior could be a valid defence. The top twenty-four Nazis who were named in the original indictment, of them nineteen were judged guilty and twelve of them were sentenced to death.
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Trials of Nazis continued to take place both in Germany and many other countries. Simon Wiesenthal, an Nazi-hunter, located Adolf Eichmann in Argentina. Eichmann, who had helped plan and carry out the deportations of millions of Jews, was brought to trial in Israel. The testimony of hundreds of witnesses, many of them survivors, was followed all over the world. Eichmann was found guilty and executed in 1962.
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Despite the dramatic decline in political and economic significance, Nuremberg still played some role in the culture of early modern Germany. In 1616, a university was founded at nearby Altdorf, and in 1662 an academy of arts, the oldest of its kind in Germany, was ... founded. Perhaps the most famous writers and poets were the members of the so-called Order of Pegnitz Flowers, particularly Sigmund von Birken (1626–1681). Also of note were the organist and composer Johann Pachelbel (1653–1706) and the author Johannes Konrad Grübel (1736–1809), who wrote several popular poems in the Nuremberg dialect.
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The indictments were delivered on Friday, October 19, 1945, and the International Military Tribunal began the first of the series of Nazi trials in Nuremberg on November 20, 1945. The list of defendants was a who’s who of Nazi brass, including Reich Marshal Hermann Göring, Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess, Reich Bank president Walther Funk, and Chief of Operations of Armed Forces Alfred Jodl.
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The Nuremberg enterprise violated ancient and fundamental principles of justice. The victorious Allies acted as prosecutor, judge and executioner of the German leaders. The charges were created especially for the occasion, and were applied only to the vanquished. (note 3) Defeated, starving, prostrate Germany was... in no position to oppose whatever the Allied occupation powers demanded.
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