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Nuremberg Trials: Crimes
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The highest leaders of Nazi Germany had faced their day in court, but the war crimes trials in Nuremberg were far from over. Many more proceedings, conducted by military tribunals, remained. The defendants would include doctors accused of conducting experiments on concentration camp inmates, companies that used slave labor, officials who conducted or helped facilitate genocide, SS death squad members, and others. Another 24 defendants would be executed as a result of these trials; 20 would receive life imprisonment, and 87 would serve shorter jail terms. The last sentences—of three Reich ministry heads and 18 high officials of the Nazi party accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity—were handed down on April 13, 1949.
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After the main Nuremberg Trial there were many trials of people accused of war crimes perpetrated in behalf of the Nazis. Unlike the the famous trial they were held by individual countries rather than before an international tribunal. Additionally many criminals responsible for particular atrocities were returned to the countries where those crimes took place. Rudoph Hoess, the commander of Auschwitz, was, for example, returned to Poland where he was tried and executed. Other trials were held by military courts of the allies.
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The Nuremberg trials have ... attracted criticism. An important problem relates to holding individuals responsible for the crimes of a government. Even the Hague Convention holds signatory powers responsible and nowhere are individuals said to be culpable. Many observers have criticised it for holding individual officers responsible for following orders of their superiors. It has also attracted criticism for being an ex post facto legislation. The accepted doctrine is expressed in Nullum Crimen Sine Lege, meaning that a person cannot be sentenced to punishment under a law, for a crime unless he had infringed the law in existence at the time when the offence had been committed and that such a law prescribes the requisite punishment.
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The Nuremberg trials were long; they lasted nearly a year. Following them there were dozens of smaller trials of other Germans who had been important to the Nazis and who were accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity. Some had been in charge of concentration camps, death camps, or ghettos. There were trials of Nazi doctors who had used Jews as guinea pigs in unspeakable experiments. And there were trials of officers and leaders of the Einsatzgruppen.
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The significance of the Nuremberg trials is a topic of opinion which should be left up to the person studying it. However, certain points did come from the trials which are undeniable. (Lonof, 128). From the Nuremberg trials, it was made clear that crimes against peace, crimes against humanity and crimes which will not be tolerated. It was made clear that every person reasonable for the involvement in these actions will pay. It was made clear nations will not turn around and do nothing because of borders or boundaries. It was made clear justice will be served in all scales.
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The Nuremberg trials were not typical partisan trials, though. The defendants were afforded the RIGHT TO COUNSEL, plus a full panoply of evidentiary and procedural protections. The Nuremberg verdicts demonstrate that these protections were taken seriously by the tribunal. The IMT completely exonerated three defendants of war crimes and acquitted most of the remaining defendants of at least some charges. Thus, the Nuremberg trials, while not perfect, changed the face of international law, both procedurally and substantively.
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