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Newton (Newton, Isaac - People)
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The Newton is the SI unit of force. Strictly defined: the force that will give a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 meter per second per second. It is not in everyday use. When did you last read a recipe that required you to add one newton of flour to a cake mixture? There is no logical reason for not doing so. A force of 1 Newton on the balance pan is approximately the force exerted downwards by 100 grams of flour on the pan.
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Newton’s Law of Gravitation was an enormous achievement, precisely because it synthesized the laws that govern motion on Earth and in the heavens. Additionally, Newton’s work had a profound effect on philosophical thought. His research implied that the universe was a rational place that could be described by universal, scientific laws. But this is knowledge for another course. If you are interested in learning more about it, make sure to take a class on the history of science in college.
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In 1687 Isaac Newton published a book entitled Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. The book is often referred to as Principia, which is the first word of its Latin title. Many people consider the publication of this book as the beginning of modern science—not just physical science, but all science. This book contains the explanation of a sweeping set of phenomena in terms of a single principle which is expressed in mathematical terms. The sentence you just read summarizes the methodology of science. Observe nature and attempt to explain its behavior in terms of the consequences of a few (as few as possible) principles (or laws), expressed in terms of mathematical relationships.
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Newton's first law states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force. This is normally taken as the definition of inertia. The key point here is that if there is no net force acting on an object (if all the external forces cancel each other out) then the object will maintain a constant velocity. If that velocity is zero, then the object remains at rest. If an external force is applied, the velocity will change because of the force.
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During this same time, Newton began to experiment with light, a book written by Robert Boyle having prompted his interest. Newton passed a beam of sunlight through a prism of glass and observed it was refracted into a spectrum. He passed the spectrum through a second prism, and the light was recombined into a white spot. For an unexplained reason, Newton did not notice any of the visible dark lines in the spectrum of the sun. It was not until over 150 years later that William Hyde Wollaston and Joseph Fraunhofer noticed the lines, and Gustav Kirchhoff realized they revealed the composition of heavenly bodies. Newton's experiments led him to conclude that light was comprised of a stream of particles that moved through an ether.
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Isaac Newton's life can be divided into three quite distinct periods. The first is his boyhood days from 1643 up to his appointment to a chair in 1669. The second period from 1669 to 1687 was the highly productive period in which he was Lucasian professor at Cambridge. The third period (nearly as long as the other two combined) saw Newton as a highly paid government official in London with little further interest in mathematical research.
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Newton (Newton, Isaac - People)