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Nazism
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The level of ties between Nazism and the Protestant churches has been a contentious issue for decades. One difficulty is that Protestantism includes a vast number of religious bodies many of whom had little relation to each other. Added to that, Protestantism tends to allow more variation among individual congregations than Catholicism or Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which makes statements about "official positions" of denominations problematic. Still, many Protestant organizations or denominations were solidly opposed to Nazism, and many Protestants including Rev. Martin Niemoller[5] were imprisoned and died fighting it. The forms or offshoots of Protestantism that advocated pacificism, anti-nationalism, or racial equality tended to oppose in the strongest terms. Prominent Protestant, or Protestant offshoot, groups known for their efforts against Nazism include the Jehovah's Witnesses and the Confessing Church. Many of their members died in the camps or struggled fiercely against the Nazis.
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Nazism was a political movement in Germany. It started in the 1920s. Nazism is a form of fascism. A lot of the philosophy of this movement was based on a idea that the Aryan race was superior to all others and had the greatest ability to survive. According to the racist ideas of Nazism, the Jews, Slavs and Roma (... known as "Gypsies") people were called "inferior races". The Nazis sent millions of Jews, Roma and other people to concentration camps where they were murdered. These killings are now called the Holocaust.
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The term Nazism refers to the ideology of the National Socialist German Workers Party and its Weltanschauung, which permeated German society (and to some degree European and American society) during the party's years as the German government (1933 to 1945). Free elections in 1932 under Germany's Weimar Republic made the NSDAP the largest parliamentary faction; no similar party in any country at that time had achieved comparable electoral success. Hitler's January 30, 1933 appointment as Chancellor of Germany and his subsequent consolidation of dictatorial power, marked the beginning of Nazi Germany. During its first year in power, the NSDAP announced the Tausendjähriges Reich ("Thousand Years' Empire") or Drittes Reich ("Third Reich", a putative successor to the Holy Roman Empire and the German Empire).
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Adolf Hitler, the founder of Nazism, said that all the problems of Germany were the result of Jews plotting against the country. He even said that it was Jewish politicians who arranged the Armistice of 1918, and who allowed Germany to pay massive reparations. On the night of the 27 February 1933 and 28 February 1933, there was an arson attack on the Reichstag building, which was where the German Parliament held their meetings. This attack was a week before the elections, in which Hitler was a candidate. On the 28 February, a law was passed (called Reichstagsbrandverordnung). This law made it possible to catch the people who had burned the Reichstag.
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Historians often disagree on the principal interests of the Nazi Party and whether Nazism can be considered a coherent ideology. The original National Socialists claimed that there would be no program that would bind them, and that they wanted to reject any established world view. Still, as Hitler played a major role in the development of the Nazi Party from its early stages and rose to become the movement's indisputable iconographic figurehead, much of what is thought to be "Nazism" is in line with Hitler's own political beliefs - the ideology and the man continue to remain largely interchangeable in the public eye. Some dispute whether Hitler's views relate directly to those surrounding the movement; the problem is furthered by the inability of various self-proclaimed Nazis and Nazi groups to decide on a universal ideology. But if Nazism is the world view promulgated in Mein Kampf, that world view is consistent and coherent, being characterized essentially by a conception of history as a race struggle; the Führerprinzip; anti-Semitism; and the need to acquire a Lebensraum at the expenses of the Soviet Union [20]. The core concept of Nazism is that the German Volk is under attack from a judeo-bolshevist conspiracy[20], and must become united, disciplined and self sacrificing (must submit to Nazi leadership) in order to win.
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Under Nazism, it is estimated 25 million people were killed; under the Communists, 100 million. Either statistic is horrific, but regardless of the scale, Besançon concludes that the Holocaust, or Shoah, must be considered unique and distinct from the horrors of the Soviet gulag and other Communist killing fields. But despite their differences, he sees Nazism and Communism as twin ideological evils. Besançon, who has examined ideological evil in earlier works, extends his analysis in A Century of Horrors, first published in France and here now in translation by the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, recording his reflections on the physical, moral and political destruction wrought by the twin evils.
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