LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Native American Art: Tribes
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Frontier warfare during the American Revolution was particularly brutal, and numerous atrocities were committed by settlers and native tribes. Noncombatants suffered greatly during the war, and villages and food supplies were frequently destroyed during military expeditions.[21] The largest of these expeditions was the Sullivan Expedition of 1779, which destroyed more than 40 Iroquois villages in order to neutralize Iroquois raids in upstate New York. The expedition failed to have the desired effect: Native American activity became even more determined.
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Black Hawk was not a traditional Native American tribe chief. Although he inherited a medicine bundle, he became more widely known as a War Chief. Black Hawk's real name was Makataimeshekiakiak. This means “Be a large black hawk” in his native tongue of Sauk. His name was shortened by the English, with whom he engaged in a battle known as the War of 1812. He was the fiercest and most powerful opponent of the English, as he eventually led a band of Sauk and Fox to fight settlers in Wisconsin and Illinois.
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Large mammals like mammoths and mastodons were largely extinct by around 8,000 B.C., and the Native Americans switched to hunting other large game, such as bison. The Great Plains tribes were still hunting the bison when they first encountered the Europeans. The acquisition of the horse and horsemanship from the Spanish in the 17th century greatly altered the natives' culture, changing the way in which these large creatures were hunted and making them a central feature of their lives.
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Tribes