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Napoleon: Napoleon Bonaparte
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Napoleon Bonaparte and his mighty Grande Armee were one of the dominant players of the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon himself showed innovative tendencies in his use of mobility to offset numerical disadvantages, as brilliantly demonstrated in several campaigns. The long series of wars formed an extension of the wars originated by the French Revolution. These wars revolutionized European armies and military systems, and took place on a scale never before seen, mainly due to the application of modern mass conscription. French power rose quickly, conquering most of Europe; and collapsed after the disastrous invasion of Russia (1812), and Napoleon's empire ultimately suffered military defeat, resulting in the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in France in 1814 and 1815. The victors in the struggle against Napoleon were the Austrians, Russians, British, Prussians, Spaniards and the French royalists.
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Napoleon was born Napoleone Buonoparte on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica. "Napoleon Bonaparte" was the French pronunciation of his name. France had bought Corsica from Italy in 1768 making him the first French member of his previously Italian family (his oldest brother, Joseph, was born only months before France obtained Corsica). Carlo Buonoparte, Napoleon's father, was a lawyer who was able to enter French aristocracy as a count one year before Napoleon was born. Thanks to the influence of his father, King Louise XVI paid for Napoleon's education. Napoleon was educated and trained at a military academy in Paris.
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The great French military leader Napoleon Bonaparte had initially capitalized on the reforms of the French Revolution to improve the lives of French citizens. But over time, Napoleon's lust for power overcame his good economic, political and military accomplishments, and his transformation into a selfish dictator led to his fall.
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After the Revolution began in 1789, Napoleon became a lieutenant colonel (1791) in the Corsican National Guard. In 1793... Corsica declared independence, and Bonaparte, a French patriot and a Republican, fled to France with his family. He was assigned, as a captain, to an army besieging Toulon, a naval base that, aided by a British fleet, was in revolt against the republic. Replacing a wounded artillery general, he seized ground where his guns could drive the British fleet from the harbor, and Toulon fell. As a result Bonaparte was promoted to brigadier general at the age of 24. In 1795 he saved the revolutionary government by dispersing an insurgent mob in Paris.
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In 1791, after the French revolution had begun, Napoleon became a part of the Corsican National Guard. By the time Corsica gained independence in 1793, Napoleon, having become a French patriot, moved all of the Bonaparte family to France. At the age of 24 Napoleon succeeded at driving the British Fleet from the harbor of Toulon. He was made a brigadier general and successfully protected the revolutionary government from a mob of Parisians. While in Paris he met Josephine de Beauharnais, the widow of a guillotined aristocrat. They fell in love and were married in 1796.
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Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) was born on the island of Corsica, the son of the assessor to the royal tribunal. Granted free military education in France, he studied French at Autun before entering the military schools at Brienne (1779) and Paris (1784). In 1785 he was commissioned second lieutenant of artillery and was garrisoned at Valence. At Auxonne he saw the beginnings of the French Revolution, but more concerned with Corsica than France, he went home on leave to organize a revolution of his own. Eventually given command of the artillery at the siege of Toulon (1793) he was promoted general of the brigade.
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Napoleon Bonaparte