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Muhammad
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Muhammad Salih is the leader of the banned Erk Democratic Party of Uzbekistan. He had travelled to Prague at the invitation of the Uzbek Service of Radio Liberty/Radio Free Europe. He was detained at passport control at 10am, and the police reportedly did not allow him to use a telephone until 7pm. He called his son and told him that he had been detained at the request of Uzbekistan. A court hearing will take place on 30 November to decide on possible deportation to Uzbekistan.
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Muhammad himself was under the protection of Abu Talib, the head of the clan of Banu Hashim. Therefore, nobody had attacked him directly. However, the leaders of Makhzum and Abd Shams, two important clans of Quraysh, declared a public boycott against the clan of Banu Hashim, their commercial rival, in order to put pressure on the clan. The boycott lasted for three years. In 615, some of Muhammad's followers emigrated to the Ethiopian Kingdom, Aksum. They founded a small colony there under the protection of the Christian Ethiopian king. It is not clear if this Hijra was due to persecution, or reflected a split in Islam or a desire to found new colonies.
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When Muhammad thought he had failed, people from Medina learnt about him and his followers. They welcomed him into their city, but Muhammad wanted them to convert to Islam in exchange. They agreed, and most of his followers went to Medina. This movement from Mecca to Medina is called the Hijra. The Hijra was ... the beginning of the Muslim calendar. Muhammad stayed behind until all of his people left Mecca safely.
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Muhammad had many traits in common with the kahins, as his contemporaries could not fail to notice. Physiologically and psychologically he belonged, undoubtedly, to the same type. Like them, he was liable to emotional attacks, with a tendency to see, hear and feel things beyond the reach of other people's senses. It may be that the deep-rooted dissatisfaction, which was both the cause and effect of his temperament as he approached the age of forty, helped to strengthen his natural predisposition. But because he was endowed with a vastly richer and more powerful personality than that of the average kahin, this dissatisfaction ... led him to think deeply. Alongside the effects of his innate temperament and of his private emotional life, a complete intellectual structure was developing.
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The life and role of Elijah Muhammad are prominently discussed in the first thorough study of the Nation of Islam, C. Eric Lincoln, The Black Muslims in America (1961). A recent biography is Karl EvanzzThe Messenger: The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad (1999). His own principal work is Message to the Blackman in America (1965). Basic information can ... be found in Malcolm X and Alex Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (1965). Information on Muhammad's life and ideas can be found in a number of books and articles on Black religion in America. See, for example, Henry J. Young, "Elijah Muhammad (1897-1975): Messenger of Allah," Major Black Religious Leaders Since 1940 (1979).
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Unfortunately for Muhammad Ali, he and his commander Ibrahim Pasha, began to argue over their plans. While Ibrahim sought an outright win against Istanbul in order to demand the imperial seat, Muhammad Ali was more cautious, seeking only to consolidate his holdings with numerous concessions of territory and political autonomy for himself and his family. But as often is the case when a military campaign stalls, this interlude allowed the new Sultan and his advisors a chance to seek support, which was rewarded by a multilateral European intervention which included a British Naval blockade of the Nile Delta. Then after the British landed in Syria and defeated Ibrahim's forces at Beirut, Muhammad Ali was forced to give up all of his holdings in Syria. Indeed, in the Treaty of London, Muhammad Ali was forced to limit the size of his army to 18,000 troops, and give up his navy entirely. In return, he did receive one great concession.
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