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Muhammad: Cities
built 204 days ago
The response to Muhammad's proclamations was (for all but a few) violently hostile. The reasons for the hostility can be reduced to three: it's uncompromising monotheism threatened polytheistic beliefs and the considerable revenue that was coming to Mecca from pilgrimages to its 360 shrines (one for each day of the lunar year); its moral teachings demaded an end to the licentiousness that citizens clung to; and its social content challenged an unjust order. (The World's Religions)
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On important influence was the mania Muhammad Ali had for foreigners, and under his rule, the Europeans began to pour into the city. It became a golden age for tourism, as these travelers turned into tourists, but they ... brought with them considerable European influences, and this is another reason that Egypt was transformed into a member of the modern world during his reign.
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Sources on Muhammad’s life concur that he was born ca. 570 anno domini|AD in the city of Mecca in Arabia. In his youth, he was called by the nickname "Al-Amin" (Arabic: الامين ), a Arab name meaning "faithful, trustworthy" and was later was sought out as an impartial arbitrator when all the tribes of Mecca were about to fight each other. It was by his clever intervention that he found a way out of the situation and managed to bring peace to the city. Muhammad's father, Abdullah, had died almost six months before he was born, and at the age of six, Muhammad lost his mother Amina and became fully orphaned. The young orphan boy was brought up by his paternal grandfather Abd al-Muttalib. As a young boy Muhammad was a shepherd.
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When Muhammad returned to the city, he told his wife Khadija all that had happened, and all the Angel Gabriel had said. "Allah will never disgrace you," Khadija told her husband, "for you do many good things. You keep families together. You bear the burden of the weak, you assist the poor and the needy, you entertain the guests and endure hardships in the path of truthfulness."
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Muhammad was born in Mecca in the “Year of the Elephant”. This was the name given to the year in which the city survived an attack led by Abraha, the Abyssian governor of Yemen, that was carried with the help of elephants and is identified by most scholars with the year 570 in the Gregorian calendar. Mecca, located in the mountainous Hijaz region of western Arabia, was at that time a commercial city, where the caravan routes that brought goods from Yemen and Abyssinia passed before heading north. It was ... one of major centres of pilgrimage for the Arabs. Every year, during the month of Hajj, Arabs from all tribes went to Mecca and to perform certain rites at the Kaaba, a cubic structure that housed 360 idols.
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It was Muhammad Ali, at the time a young officer in the Albanian contingent of the expeditionary forces, who managed to step in and take command of this dire situation. Muhammad Ali was a member of the Ottoman forces left behind in charge of the city of Cairo. However, on his way to the top, Muhammad Ali changed sides several times, sometimes supporting the Mamluks against the Ottomans, and sometimes the Ottomans against the Mamluks. Yet, he knew that if he wanted to rule Egypt, which he did, he would have to contend with the Mamluks who were still the feudal owners of the land. The land had remained the real source of power and wealth in Egypt. Napoleon had changed much, but he hadn't changed that.
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