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Monroe Doctrine: United States
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The Monroe Doctrine was given to the public in December of 1823. Though written by John Quincy Adams, the doctrine was performed heartily by James Monroe. This idea stated that America would not recognize any power that any European countries tried to exert over them. It focused on two basic features: noncolonization and nonintervention. He claimed that colonization in America was over, and that the other countries should mind their own business, and worry about their own national affairs, not those of the United States and vice versa.
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The Monroe Doctrine defined the U.S. position on international affairs involving nations in the Americas and former colonial holdings of European powers. In his seventh annual message to Congress on December 2, 1823, President James Monroe unveiled his plan for United States foreign policy. The United States government acknowledged the sovereignty of independent nations in the Americas, and declared the Americas closed to future colonization. The policy further stated that the United States would not be a party to European conflicts. The policy took decades to come to full fruition, receiving the name "Monroe Doctrine" in 1853. During the nineteenth century, the policy was tested during the Mexican-American and the Spanish-American Wars, though it was only directly invoked in the latter.
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The Monroe Doctrine, expressed in 1823, proclaimed the Americas should be free from future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated United States's intention to stay neutral in European wars and wars between European powers and their colonies but to consider any new colonies or interference with independent countries in the Americas as hostile acts toward the United States. It was issued by President James Monroe during his seventh annual address to Congress.
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In 1895, President Cleveland, in a new extension of the Monroe Doctrine, demanded that Great Britain submit to arbitration a boundary dispute between British Guiana (now Guyana) and Venezuela (see Venezuela Boundary Dispute). Following the Venezuela Claims question, Theodore Roosevelt expounded (1904) what came to be known as the Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine; he stated that continued misconduct or disturbance in a Latin American country might force the United States to intervene in order to prevent European intervention. This frankly imperialistic interpretation met much resistance in Latin America but was used extensively during the administrations of Presidents Taft and Wilson to justify intervention in the Caribbean area.
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The raising of the Monroe Doctrine to the higher, unselfish plane proposed by Las Heras might have prevented many of the regrettable things that happened in inter-American relations during the next hundred years. It almost certainly would have bound the North and South American continents together in a more effective Pan-Americanism than it ever has been possible to achieve. But it might ... have prevented the establishment of several of the South American republics which exist today. For when the Monroe Doctrine was set up, there were only five independent countries in South America--the United Provinces of the River Plate, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Peru. Paraguay and Uruguay were not yet independent of Buenos Aires; Bolivia was a part of Peru; and Ecuador and Venezuela still belonged to Colombia.
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The Monroe Doctrine states three major ideas, with one more added by President Theodore Roosevelt. First, it conveys that European countries cannot colonize in any of the Americas: North, Central, or South as well as islands of the Caribbean which were considered to be a part of the Americas. Second, it enforces Washington's rule of foreign policy, in which the U.S. will only be involved in European affairs if America's rights are disturbed. Third, the U.S. will consider any attempt at colonization a threat to its national security. Roosevelt added to the doctrine, and summed up his additions with the statement, "Speak softly and carry a big stick".
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