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Modernism: Movements
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Modernism in Serbia is the first comprehensive account of an almost forgotten body of work that once defined regional modernism at its best. The book reconstructs the story of Serbian modernism as a local history within a major movement and views the buildings designed in Belgrade in the 1920s and 1930s as part of a larger cultural phenomenon. Because so many of the buildings discussed are disintegrating or have been destroyed or altered beyond recognition, the book serves not only as a documentary and critical study but ... as a preservation resource. Most of the photographs and plans have never been published outside of Serbia, if at all.
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Following the papal condemnation, Modernism ceased to be a significant intellectual force in the Church, and in fact it had never been one except in marginal circles. Some people speculate that the movement continued underground, but it did not survive in an organized way, although later thinkers returned to some of the same questions.
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In the 1920s in the U.S., the term Modernism took on a more restricted meaning. It began to be applied to any rejection of traditional doctrine. At the same time a movement called FUNDAMENTALISM, (q.v.) developed among conservative members of various Protestant denominations in opposition to Modernist tendencies.
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Modernism as a movement can be recognized not only in literature but ... in painting, music, sculpture, and architecture, as well as in the sciences and in theology, aesthetics, and anthropology. The turn of the century was a key moment when a number of theories, to prove influential for Modernism, were elaborated, such as Einstein's treatise on relativity (1905), Max Planck's on quantum theory (1900), and Freud's on the unconscious (The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900). In the literary domain, major influences on Modernism include the late 19th-century French novelist Flaubert, and the Symbolist poet, Mallarmé.
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Modernism in landscape architecture was an altogether more tentative affair. Nevertheless, Marc Treib (1993: 36-67), who has conducted an extensive investigation of the movement in America, is prepared to identify an "imperfect, ill-formed and implicit manifesto". This manifesto has six axioms which can be summarised as follows:
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Modernism: In a religious sense, the term refers to a movement which started in the 19th century which was skeptical of traditional Christian dogma, such as the inspiration and inerrancy of the Bible. Modernists applied rationalistic thinking to studies of the Bible and of religious belief. The Bible was studied as a historical document rather than as the Word of God. The Fundamentalist movement within Christianity was created largely as a response to modernism.
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