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Middle Passage: Slaves
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Food taken on the Middle Passage was by necessity simple. Amounts and types of food varied, but by about 1780, a daily ration for a slave was yams, a biscuit, beans, flour, and salted beef. To avoid scurvy, slaves were sometimes given a swig of vinegar or lime juice.
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For the first time, the Middle Passage, the experience of slaves on the trans-Atlantic ships, receives a full reference treatment in an encyclopedia. This A-to-Z reference consists of 226 signed entries arranged alphabetically, exhaustively covering the Middle Passage from a variety of perspectives for student research and browsing. Each essay entry concludes with suggestions for further reading. The encyclopedia includes an introductory overview of the trans-Atlantic slave trade as well as illustrations, bibliography, and chronology.
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The Middle Passage refers to the forced transportation of African people from Africa to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade.[1] It was called the Middle Passage because the slave trade was a portion of the triangular trade. Ships left Europe for African markets, where their goods were sold or traded for prisoners and kidnapped victims on the African coast. Then they sailed to the Americas and Caribbean, where the Africans were sold or traded for goods for European markets, which were then returned to Europe. The European powers Spain, Portugal, France, England, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and Brandenburg, as well as traders from Brazil and North America, all took part in this trade.
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As a resource, the Middle Passage Project is ideally suited to the development of public programs at museums, schools, libraries, community theatres, historical societies, and other public institutions. At the Yorktown farmstead of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation, for example, the Middle Passage Project held a series of free lectures on the following topics: “Teaching the Middle Passage,” “Patterns of Migration from Africa and Europe into 17th Century Virginia,” “The Archaeology of Slavery,” and “The Material Culture of African Diaspora.” Other programs have served Virginia’s eastern shore at the Accomac County Public Library and the historic Kerr House. Our programming ... reaches a wide public audience outside the Virginia Commonwealth, including such diverse organizations and institutions as the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History, the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, the Maryland National Capital Park and Planning Commission, the Ohio Historical Society and the National Paul Laurence Dunbar Project.
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As a handy ready-reference, the Encyclopedia of the Middle Passage is the first of its kind. As schools continue to incorporate slavery in their curriculums, the volume will prove to be an essential reference for high school reports and research in History and Social Studies, as well as for college students and general readers. Its subject is of continuing interest, as evidenced by the extraordinary popularity of the film Amistad and the recent HBO special, The Middle Passage. Sample entries: Abolitionism, Asante, Barracoons, Black Sailors, Cargoes, Christianity, Credit and Finance, "Door of No Return," Eric Williams Thesis, Gold Coast, Import Records, Islam and Muslims, Museums, Oral History, Rape and Sexual Abuse, "Seasoning," Suicide, Triangular Trade, William Wilberforce, Women
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In The Middle Passage: 105 Days, Estella Conwill Majozo returns after her award-winning autobiography, Come Out the Wilderness, to delve into the awesome voyage of her captured ancestors. Many accounts of the Middle Passage have been verbalized and visualized through fiction and non-fiction, such as Charles Johnson’s Middle Passage and the historic description of the Amistad Revolt. Other accounts include Margaret Walker’s Jubilee, which chronicles the genius of African struggle against formidable odds, and Alex Haley’s Roots, which describes the brutal subjugation of the African flesh and spirit. Also, Toni Morrison’s Beloved features the unrelenting resistance against slavery’s continuing horrors, and the work of Tom Feelings portrays through deftly drawn lines and subtle renderings the horrors and courage endured during those dark days for many Africans. Yet, the story of the countless millions of enslaved Africans cannot be told enough times or in too many different ways.
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