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Medieval: Medieval Period
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Medieval philosophy is the philosophy produced in Western Europe between Boethius and Descartes, a period of over one thousand years. Medieval political philosophy is the part of medieval philosophy that is concerned with political matters. Philosophical writing about politics during the middle ages (as during the early modern period) was often an attempt to influence public events. The history of the subject therefore involves reference to those events. It ... involves reference to developments in medieval culture, e.g., the renaissances of the ninth and twelfth centuries, the development of institutions such as the legal system and the universities. The strong relationship during this period between philosophy and religion also complicates the story.
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Medieval art covers a vast scope of time and place, over 1000 years of art history in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. It includes major art movements and periods, national and regional art, genres, revivals, the artists crafts, and the artists themselves.
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For those who do know a bit about medieval music, they usually think of the troubadors, trouveres, and minnesingers when they think of secular music. All were different names for essentially the same type of musician found in the late medieval period throughout Europe -- troubadors were found in southern France and northern Italy, trouveres in central and northern France, and minnesingers in Germany. Troubadors, trouveres, minnesangers were usually poets first, and the music was most likely originally used just as accompaniment. An estampie, instrumental music which was most likely used for dance, is another common form of secular medieval music. Further, their were ... medieval dramas, predecessors of the opera. Again, the primary focus of the medieval drama was not the music, but the acting.
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In history texts, medieval European history often goes by its older soubriquet, the Middle Ages. Typically, the period stretches from the collapse of IMPERIAL ROME to the coming together of the forces of the RENAISSANCE in Europe. It was the intelligentsia of the Renaissance that labelled the years preceding their own as middle -- caught between the ethos of the archaic civilizations Greece and Rome and the revitalized learning of their own time. That the thinkers of the Renaissance were masters of hubris is not news; their less-than-generous characterization of the thousand or so years that separated them from Rome reflects their prejudices and their collective oversight.
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In the medieval period, the 'cup borde' was a board used to store cups. The cup borde gradually acquired the characteristics of the modern cupboard, with shelves and doors. Later in the medieval age the buffet was used for storage in the dining hall.
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Some early historians have described non-European countries as "medieval" when those countries show characteristics of "feudal" organization. The pre-Westernisation period in the history of Japan, and the pre-colonial period in developed parts of sub-Saharan Africa, are ... sometimes termed "mediaeval." These terms have fallen out of favour, as modern historians are reluctant to try to fit the history of other regions to the European model.
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Medieval Period