LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Mau Mau Uprising: Members
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Debate continues over the significance of Mau Mau. Initially, the British government described it as a movement by Africans who, unable to adapt to the social changes associated with modernization, reverted to their barbaric roots. This view held until the mid-1960s, when scholars declared Mau Mau a peasant liberation movement. Others cast it as a Kikuyu religious movement because of the secret membership oaths, while still others maintain that it was both a political and religious organization. Most agree... that the rebellion was never as unified as the British believed, and that it was a “movement” only in the sense that the inequities of the colonial system inspired widespread resistance.
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A captured Mau Mau suspect, wearing a tattered shirt and trousers, stands on a hillside surrounded by heavily armed members of the Kikuyu Home Guard. Kenya, circa 1952. Copyright Images of Empire.
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By forcing the members of the Mau Mau to perform such sexual activities, they were filled with guilt and self-loathing and ashamed to return to their village. It tied the fighters to the insurgency forever.
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Jane Muthoni Mara was 15 when she was arrested for supplying the Mau Mau with food. She says a white officer ordered her torture, carried out by a black soldier who shoved a bottle into her vagina to force her to reveal the whereabouts of her brother, a member of the Mau Mau.
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