LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Mali: Mali Federation
built 630 days ago
By the late 18th century, Mali was in a semianarchic state. Two empires emerged that opposed French invasion, Tukolor empire of al- Hajj Umar (1794-1864) and the Somori Toure (1870-98). During this time the region saw a resurgence of Islam. But in 1898 Mali was conquered and became the French Sudan, part of the Federation of French West Africa.
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In April 1959 Mali merged with Senegal to form the Federation of Mali, which became independent on June 20, 1960. The Republic of Mali was proclaimed on September 22, 1960. President Modibo Keita, leader of the Union Soudanaise, dominated pre-independence politics. He declared a single-party state and instituted a socialist policy based on extensive nationalization. The continuously deteriorating economy led to a decision to rejoin the Franc Zone in 1967 and modify some of the earlier innovations. On November 19, 1968, a group of officers staged a bloodless coup and set up a 14-member Military Committee for National Liberation (CMLN), with Lt. Moussa Traore as president.
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Mali was invaded by France starting in 1880, which organized it as an overseas territory. The colony, which at times ... included neighbouring countries, was known as French Sudan or the Sudanese Republic. In early 1959, the union of Mali and Senegal became the Mali Federation, which gained independence from France on June 20, 1960. Senegal withdrew from the Mali Federation after a few months. The Republic of Mali, under Modibo Keïta, withdrew from the French Community on September 22, 1960.
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![[Mali 1961 flag]](http://retrieverimages.lycos.com/images/m/a/l/mali/i/000.gif)
The first flag of Mali was adopted on 4 April, 1959, when French Sudan and Senegal formed the Mali Federation. This federation became independent on 20 June, 1960. Senegal seceded on 22 August, 1960, and replaced the kanaga by a green star. Mali continued to use the tricolour with the kanaga, but abolished the black kanaga on 1 March, 1961, and has used the plain tricolour in pan-African colours since then.
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Sundjata built up a vast empire that stretched eventually from the Atlantic coast south of the Senegal River to Gao on the east of the middle Niger bend (see the map of Mali). It extended from the fringes of the forest in the southwest through the savannah (grassland) country of the Malinke to the Sahel and southern Saharan "ports" of Walata and Tadmekka. It included the gold fields of Bumbuk and Bure and the great cities of Timbuktu, Djenne, and Gao on the Niger River and extended to the salt mines of Taghaza. Many different peoples were ... brought in to what became a federation of states, dominated by Sundjata and the Malinke people. Under Sundjata's leadership, Mali became a relatively rich farming area.
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In January 1959, Soudan joined Senegal to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent within the French Community on June 20, 1960. The federation collapsed on August 20, 1960, when Senegal seceded. On September 22, Soudan proclaimed itself the Republic of Mali and withdrew from the French Community.
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Mali Federation