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Magnesium
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Magnesium was first isolated by the British chemist Sir Humphry Davy in 1808. The element was named for Magnesia, a district in Thessaly, one of the ancient divisions of Greece. Magnesium is obtained today chiefly by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride. The metal is malleable and ductile when heated. With the exception of beryllium, it is the lightest metal that remains stable under ordinary conditions. The metal is not attacked by oxygen, water, or alkalies at room temperature; it reacts with acids.
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Magnesium deficiency in humans was first described in the medical literature in 1934. The adult human daily nutritional requirement, which is affected by various factors including gender, weight and size, is 300-400 mg/day. Inadequate magnesium intake frequently causes muscle spasms, and has been associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, anxiety disorders, migraines and osteoporosis. Acute deficiency (see hypomagnesemia) is rare, and is more common as a drug side effect (such as chronic alcohol or diuretic use) than from low food intake per se, but it can ... occur within people fed intravenously for extended periods of time. The incidence of chronic deficiency resulting in less than optimal health is debated.
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Magnesium ions are essential to the basic nucleic acid chemistry of life, and ... are essential to all cells of all known living organisms. Plants have an additional use for magnesium in that chlorophylls are magnesium-centered porphyrins. Many enzymes require the presence of magnesium ions for their catalytic action, especially enzymes utilizing ATP, or those which use other nucleotides to synthesize DNA and RNA. Magnesium deficiency in plants causes late-season yellowing between leaf veins, especially in older leaves, and can be corrected by applying epsom salts (which is rapidly leached), or else crushed dolomitic limestone to the soil.
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Magnesium alloys are ... used in many other engineering applications where having light weight is a significant advantage. Magnesium-zirconium alloys tend to be used in relatively low volume applications where they are processed by sand or investment casting, or wrought products by extrusion or forging. Zirconium-free alloys, principally AZ91 but also other alloys, are used in automotive and various other high volume applications.
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Magnesium depletion is more common than previously thought. It seems to be especially prevalent in patients with diabetes mellitus. It is usually caused by losses from the kidney or gastrointestinal tract. A patient with magnesium depletion may present with neuromuscular symptoms, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, or cardiovascular complication. Physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for magnesium depletion in patients at high risk and should implement therapy early.
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Magnesium prices have continued to climb in the quarter reaching highs of well over $3,600 per metric ton. Pan Asia Magnesium, when fully operational, will have an annual production capacity of 18,000 metric tons or approximately $65 million at current price levels. Management anticipates a full sell through of that capacity as it comes on line.
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