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Libya: Countries
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Libya is in between the countries of Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Algeria, Niger, and Tunisia. To its north is the Mediterranean Sea. The capital of Libya is Tripoli, which is a port on the sea.
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Libya is situated on the coast of North Africa and is the fourth largest country on the continent. It borders with Egypt in the east, Sudan in the southeast, Chad and Niger in the south, Algeria to the west and Tunisia in the northwest and the Mediterranean Sea in the north.
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Despite its ongoing negotiations with the West, Libya continued to procure nuclear technologies from other countries. In October 2003, British and U.S. ships operating pursuant to the U.S.-led Proliferation Security Initiative, intercepted a German cargo ship heading to Libya from Dubai with a cargo of centrifuge parts allegedly based on Pakistani designs.[54] Following the seizure of the ship, Libya reportedly allowed U.S. and British officials to visit 10 previously secret sites and dozens of Libyan laboratories and military factories to search for evidence of nuclear fuel cycle-related activities and for chemical and missile programs. Finally, on December 19, Qadhdhafi announced his commitment to disclose and dismantle all WMD programs in his country. In a letter to the UN Security Council, Libya reaffirmed its commitment to the NPT and agreed to abide by the Additional Protocol to the IAEA Safeguards Agreement (allowing for additional and more intrusive inspections of nuclear-related sites), and to receive inspections teams to verify its new commitments.[55] President Bush stated that with Qadhdhafi's announcement, "Libya has begun the process of rejoining the community of nations."[56] One news source quotes Qadhdhafi as claiming that his decision to forego WMD programs was based on national security and economic interests. In an address to the Libyan People's National Congress, he reportedly said, "Today it becomes a problem to have a nuclear bomb. At the time, it was maybe the fashion to have a nuclear bomb.
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In October 2005, Libya held a second bidding round under EPSA IV, with 51 companies taking part and nearly $500 million worth of new investment flowing into the country as a result. In this round, acreage in 26 fields, both onshore and offshore, went to 19 companies, including only 1 U.S. company – ExxonMobil, with four blocks. Other winners included Total, Eni, BG, Norsk Hydro and Statoil (in consortium with BG on one project) of Norway, Tatneft (Russia), Turkish Petroleum Overseas Co., several Japanese companies (Nippon Oil, Mitsubishi, Japan Petroleum Exploration (Japex), Teikoku Oil, Impex Oil), CNPC (China), Pertamina (Indonesia), and three Indian companies – Oil India, Indian Oil Corp., and ONGC Videsh. Agreements were for exploration periods of 5 years, extendable to 25 years under certain conditions.
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In 2003, Libya admitted its previous intentions to acquire equipment needed to produce biological weapons (BW). In October and December 2003, Libyan officials took U.S. and UK experts to a number of medical and agricultural research centers that had the potential to be used in BW research. The country acceded to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) on 19 January 1982. There are allegations that the alleged chemical weapon (CW) plants at Rabta and Tarhunah could contain BW research facilities as well. Prior to Libya's 19 December 2003 announcement to abandon its WMD programs, U.S. intelligence agencies alleged that Qadhafi had attempted to recruit South African scientists to assist in the acquisition of BW, and that Libya had started to develop pathogens and toxins for weapons use.
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Wednesday, 12 November, 2003: Libyan authorities have arrested 104 people from Egypt who were seeking to make their way illegally into Europe from Libya, the official JANA news agency said Tuesday. The arrests, which ... included a handful of Ghanaians and Nigerians, took place Saturday. Libya has been accused, most notably by Italy, of being a funnel for illegal immigrants from Africa. In July, the two countries signed an accord to deal with the problem. [AFP]
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