LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Kazakhstan: Southern Kazakhstan
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Humans have inhabited present-day Kazakhstan since the earliest Stone Age, generally pursuing the nomadic pastoralism for which the region's climate and terrain are best suited. The earliest well-documented state in the region was the Turkic Kaganate, which came into existence in the sixth century A.D. The Qarluqs, a confederation of Turkic tribes, established a state in what is now eastern Kazakhstan in 766. In the eighth and ninth centuries, portions of southern Kazakhstan were conquered by Arabs, who ... introduced Islam. The Oghuz Turks controlled western Kazakhstan from the ninth through the eleventh centuries; the Kimak and Qipchaq peoples, also of Turkic origin, controlled the east at roughly the same time.
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There is small-scale cultivation of the opium poppy in southern Kazakhstan. Hemp grows wild in many parts of Southern Kazakhstan. Precursor chemicals (acetic anhydride) are produced of which the vast majority is for legitimate purposes, but some is diverted for heroin production. According to official statistics, there are 53,577 registered drug addicts in Kazakhstan in 2006, compared to 52,397 in 2005. UNODC estimate that there are actually between 165,000 and 186,000 drugs users in Kazakhstan and that 70% of these are injecting drug users. The increase in drug use is reflected in the increase in reported HIV cases – 7,402 cases in 2006 compared to 5,440 the previous year.
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Toshiba Corporation today announced that the company would participate in the Kharassan uranium mines project, a new development project in southern Kazakhstan promoted by Kazatomprom (herein after, KAP), a Republic of Kazakhstan state-owned enterprise. Toshiba’s participation is in line with its policy of enhancing its nuclear energy business.
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Southern Kazakhstan