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Karl Marx: Works
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For instance, the two-class model which has always been associated with Marx was never an accurate picture of his theory. Marx later made it quite clear that within the bourgeoisie, there were a whole number of factions existing based on different types of property such as finance, industry, land and commerce. He was aware of the growth of the middle classes, situated midway between the workers on the one side and the capitalists and landowners on the other. He regarded them as resting with all their weight upon the working class and at the same time increasing the security and power of the upper class. At the other end of the spectrum, he explains the existence of different strata of the working class such as the nomad population moving around the country, the paupers, the unemployed or industrial reserve army and what has become known as the aristocracy of labour, the skilled artisans. All of these strata made up a working class created by capitalist accumulation.
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Marx was quite vague in his description of society after the revolution. In an 1875 essay, he described the government during the "socialist phase" as "the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat." But he stated that this dictatorship would act in the best interests of the workers and would gradually disappear.
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Marx reasons that value-producing labor is "socially necessary" labor. If the average productivity in a branch of industry doubles, does that mean that twice as much value will be produced during each working hour? Will twice as many products represent twice as much value? What should happen to prices (as expressions of exchange value) in response to such changes? Is that what actually happens?
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One may certainly say that Marx was not entirely wrong in much of this and there is no doubt that in this world the wealthy and greedy tend to exploit the poor who only have their labour/work skills to offer. To recognise this was not wrong and to suggest solutions was not wrong. But unfortunately, as time progressed, Marxism became increasingly extreme with a committment to undermine stable and previously peaceful societies. One of the major errors in Marxism, then (and there were certainly others), was its committment to revolution and to conspirational intrigues and plots in order to further its aims. Violence was seen as inevitable on the immoral basis that 'the end justifies the means.'
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Marx liked to repeat Mephistopheles' words from Goethe's "Faust": "all existing is worthy to be destroyed." All, including the worker and those who fought for communism in battle. Marx liked to quote these words and Stalin acted according to these words and destroyed even his own family.
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As C.Wright Mills has explained: "as with most complicated thinkers, there is no one Marx. The various presentations of his work which we can construct from his books, pamphlets, articles, letters written at different times in his own development, depend upon our point of interest ...; every student must earn his own Marx." So today, we have Marxist anthropology, Marxist literary criticism, Marxist aesthetics, Marxist pedagogy, Marxist cultural studies, Marxist sociology etc. His intellectual output lasted from the early 1840s to the early l880s and over that long period of 40 years produced a number of works that have enriched the thinking of those who came after him.
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