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Julius Caesar
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Julius Caesar was a great general and an important leader in ancient Rome. During his lifetime, he had held just about every important title in the Roman Republic including consul, tribune of the people, high commander of the army, and high priest. He suggested new laws, most of which were approved by the Senate. He reorganized the army. He improved the way the provinces were governed. The Romans even named a month after him, the month of July for Julius Caesar.
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Julius Caesar is one of the best known politicians and generals in Western history. From a noble but poor Roman family, Caesar made his fortune and reputation first as a soldier. As a member of the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus, he was one of the most powerful men in Rome. Ultimately, he fought a great Civil War with Pompey for mastery of Rome, and ruled for four years afterwards as Dictator. On the Ides of March, 44 B.C., he was assassinated by a conspiracy of Senators, including Brutus.
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The Orlando-UCF Shakespeare Festival's newest Julius Caesar has that effect. These men may have names such as Casca and Trebonius, but they seem entirely modern, with all the worries, faults and foibles that people have today. This particular play is charged with enough meaning that maybe the modern trappings aren't always necessary. But when a man such as Brutus commits the deeds he does, the effect is like a punch to the gut.
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Julius Caesar wrote of people in Britain who came from Belgium (the Belgae), but archaeological evidence which was interpreted in the 1930s as confirming this was contradicted by later interpretations. The archaeological evidence is of substantial cultural continuity through the first millenium BCE, although with a significant overlay of selectively-adopted elements of La Tène culture. There is numismatic and other evidence of continental-style states appearing in southern England close to the end of the period possibly reflecting in part immigration by élites from various Gallic states such as those of the Belgae. However, this immigration would be far too late to account for the origins of Insular Celtic languages. In the 1970s the continuity model was taken to an extreme, popularised by Colin Burgess in his book The Age of Stonehenge which theorised that Celtic culture in Great Britain "emerged" rather than resulted from invasion and that the Celts were not invading aliens, but the descendants of the people of Stonehenge. The existence of Celtic language elsewhere in Europe... and the dating of the Proto-Celtic culture and language to the Bronze age, makes the most extreme claims of continuity impossible.
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Julius Caesar's coinage before 44 B.C. used the traditional types struck for his army, making reference to his own achievements and to his claim that his family was descended from Aeneas and Venus. But in 44 B.C. he ... began to issue coins bearing his own portrait, the first of a Roman to appear on a coin in his own lifetime, and he thereby established the model for Roman imperial coinage. The portrait depicts Caesar in the "veristic" style typical of the late republic, in which experience and wisdom are suggested by an apparently truthful record of the person's advanced age. He is shown with a very long, lined neck, a prominent Adam's apple, lined cheeks, and a high, lined forehead that hints at the baldness he is said to have tried to conceal with the laurel wreath (Suetonius, Divine Julius, 45). Here the laurel perhaps represents the gold wreath that he had increasingly taken to wearing on public occasions. The reverse depicts the family goddess, Venus, in her military guise as Victrix (Victorious), with her armor and holding Victoria in her right hand.
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Julius Caesar was born in Rome on 12 or 13 July 100 BC into the prestigious Julian clan. His family were closely connected with the Marian faction in Roman politics. Caesar himself progressed within the Roman political system, becoming in succession quaestor (69), aedile (65) and praetor (62). In 61-60 he served as governor of the Roman province of Spain. Back in Rome in 60, Caesar made a pact with Pompey and Crassus, who helped him to get elected as consul for 59 BC. The following year he was appointed governor of Roman Gaul where he stayed for eight years, adding the whole of modern France and Belgium to the Roman empire, and making Rome safe from the possibility of Gallic invasions.
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Julius Caesar