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Julian Calendar: Dates
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Notes: Julian day number (JD) is an astronomical calendar system whose largest unit is the day. Each day has a value one greater than the next and dates never cycle back to zero. For instance at noon on January 1, 2000 the JD was: 2,451,545. This continuous day count makes it easy to manipulate dates mathematically -- there are no leap days to worry about.
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The chronological Julian date in the GMT timezone is the number of days and fraction of a day which have elapsed since midnight GMT at the start of -4712-01-01 in the proleptic Julian Calendar. For example, for 17:13 GMT on 2007-01-19 CE the corresponding chronological Julian date is 2,454,120.7176.
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The Roman calendar began the year on 1 January, and this remained the start of the year after the Julian reform. However, even after local calendars were aligned to the Julian calendar, they started the new year on different dates. The Alexandrian calendar in Egypt started on 29 August (30 August after an Alexandrian leap year). Several calendars were aligned to start on the birthday of Augustus, 23 September. The indiction caused the Byzantine year to begin on 1 September, which is still used in the Eastern Orthodox Church for the beginning of the liturgical year.
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The Julian calendar, established by Julius Caesar in the year 45 BCE, was corrected by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582, excising ten days from the calendar. The CALDAT procedure reflects the adjustment for dates after October 4, 1582. See the example below for an illustration.
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Warning: In the following two links, dates in the "Ethiopian calendar" have been converted into a pseudo-Julian calendar by replacing the true Amharic Ethiopian month names by close, but not coincident, Julian names. For example, Mäskäräm is called "September" even though Mäskäräm actually begins on August 29/30 Julian (and September 11th Gregorian, the most common calendar). When they state that the Ethopian year begins on "September 1", they mean it begins on Mäskäräm 1. Similarly, when they state that Christmas occurs on "December 29" in the Ethiopian calendar, they mean it occurs on Tahsas 29.
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The Julian calendar introduces an error of 1 day every 128 years. So every 128 years the tropical year shifts one day backwards with respect to the calendar. Furthermore, the method for calculating the dates for Easter was inaccurate and needed to be refined.
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