LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Jim Crow Law: Supreme Court
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Prior to World War Two, efforts were already being made at slowly chipping away at the power the “Jim Crow” laws held. In Guinn v. the United States in 1915, the Supreme Court decided that a statute in Oklahoma, which denied the right to vote to any citizen whose ancestors had not been enfranchised in 1860, was unconstitutional. In Buchanan v. Worley in 1917, the Supreme Court ordered Kentucky to end the law requiring residential segregation. During World War Two, African Americans from throughout the United States fought in the war, aiding in United State’s and the Allies victory in the war. After returning from the war, the African Americans had a new sense of patriotism, and began demanding more equal rights more vehemently than before.
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While virtually all northern states that had not already banned Jim Crow practices rushed to enact state versions of the invalidated national Civil Rights Act, most southern states during the 1880s and 1890s passed laws requiring segregation. The Supreme Court held up the southern laws in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), accepting assurances that separate accommodations would be equal. Freed of legal restraints, some southern cities and states went on to prescribe separate drinking fountains, restrooms, entrances to public buildings, and even Bibles for use in court. More significantly, they disfranchised the vast majority of African Americans through literacy and property tests and discrimination against blacks who could pass such tests.
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Jim Crow was the system in the Southern U.S. from the 1880s to 1964 in which African Americans were segregated in public schools and public places, and had little or no political power. School segregation was officially abolished by the Supreme Court in the Brown decision of 1954, which took from 1 to 20 years to implement.[1] Segregation in public places was abolished overnight by the Civil Rights law of 1964. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 ended the exclusion of blacks from voting in the South.
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Jim Crow laws were a product of the solidly Democratic South. Conservative Southern Democrats, exploiting racial fear and attacking the corruption (real or perceived) of Reconstuction Republican governments, took over state governments in the South in the 1870s and dominated them for nearly 100 years. As late as 1956, a resolution called Southern Manifesto, condemning the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, was read into the Congressional Record and supported by 96 southern congressmen and senators, all of them but two Democrats.
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This is Chester County then, during the era of segregation, the era of Jim Crow. These old scenes were shot by a brilliant but little known black lawyer, Charles Hamilton Houston. In 1934, Houston crisscrossed the South documenting inequalities between schools for whites, and schools for blacks. Charles Hamilton Houston would lead one of the great legal campaigns of the twentieth century: the struggle to destroy Jim Crow, a struggle whose crucial victory would come in the landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown versus Board of Education. Today, few people know the name of Charles Hamilton Houston, the man who killed Jim Crow, but this is his story, and the story of how African-Americans won for themselves the equal protection of the Constitution. This is the story of the road to Brown.
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The “Jim Crow” laws were applied to all blacks. A definition of black was therefore necessary. The definition came 1896 with the Plessy v Ferguson case. Homer Plessy was only one-eighth black and he attempted to sit in a white only railroad car. Plessy was thrown off the railroad car, and when Plessy protested being thrown off the railroad car to the Supreme Court, they deemed that the state of Louisiana was able to withdraw people of color from all white transportation and put them in all black transportation as long as “the state governments provided legal process and legal freedoms for Blacks equal to that of Whites.
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