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Jim Crow Law: Jim Crow Laws
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Jim Crow Law codified the most base and dehumanizing aspects of slavery into law and segregated Americans by race from birth to death. For fifty eight years, 1896 to 1954, Americans lived the ideological lie of "separate but equal." In 1954, when the US Supreme Court ended this legal racial nightmare with its decision in Brown v. Board of Education, the work to deconstruct the social underpinnings of institutional racism began.
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Jim Crow Laws were established in Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and Wyoming. "Negros and slaves were systematically excluded from white accommodations and social activities and were restricted to separate and usually second-class quarters in the public facilities to which they were admitted" (Fischer, 1974:15). In Alabama segregation took place and from then forth many other states took to the Jim Crow Laws. Segregation took place in hospitals. In Alabama "No person or corporation shall require any white female nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in hospitals, either public or private, in which Negro men are placed" (Jim Crow Laws, 2000:1). Segregation among whites and minority groups within hospitals took place in Mississippi.
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In the 1920’s and the 1930’s, more Jim Crow Laws were passed. In 1926 in Atlanta, Georgia, a law was passed that forbade barbers to serve women or children under age fourteen. At that time, All barbers were black. Four states, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama and Georgia had laws requiring Jim Crow taxis. White passengers were only driven by white taxi drivers. Black passengers were only to be driven by black taxi drivers.
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The “Jim Crow” laws and The Nuremberg Race Laws were both examples of racism in different parts of the world. The “Jim Crow” laws started in the 1880’s in the United States, and the Nuremberg Race Laws commenced in 1935 in Germany. Although these two different sets of laws started approximately half a century after the other, there are many similarities between the two. Both sets of laws restricted the lives of millions of people. In the Jim Crow Laws, the restricted party was the African Americans. In the Nuremberg Race Laws, the restricted party was the Jews.
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Jim Crow etiquette operated in conjunction with Jim Crow laws (black codes). When most people think of Jim Crow they think of laws (not the Jim Crow etiquette) which excluded Blacks from public transport and facilities, juries, jobs, and neighborhoods. The passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution had granted Blacks the same legal protections as Whites. However, after 1877, and the election of Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, southern and border states began restricting the liberties of Blacks. Unfortunately for Blacks, the Supreme Court helped undermine the Constitutional protections of Blacks with the infamous Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) case, which legitimized Jim Crow laws and the Jim Crow way of life.
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When compared with the Jim Crow laws passed in other states, Arkansas appears on first glance to have intervened little legislatively in race relations. In fact, the state’s legislature only became involved when customary separation of the races broke down. In everyday life, segregation touched the lives of blacks and whites to a much greater degree than the laws suggest. By the end of the Jim Crow era, even though specific laws were never passed, most stores, restaurants, and hotels were racially segregated. Social conventions even demanded the separation of such everyday facilities as water fountains for the races.
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Jim Crow Laws