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Japan: Wars
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Japan's national game is Go, a strategy board game. By no means everyone plays, but the game has newspaper columns, TV, and professional players. The game is ... played in the West, and there is a large and active English wiki discussing it [2]. On a sunny day, the Tennoji ward of Osaka is a good place to join a crowd watching two Go masters go at it.
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There are indications that Japan had a more sizable program than is commonly understood, and that there was close cooperation among the Axis powers, including a secretive exchange of war materiel. The German submarine U-234, which surrendered to US forces in May 1945, was found to be carrying 560 kilograms of Uranium oxide destined for Japan's own atomic program. The oxide contained about 3.5 kilograms of the isotope U-235, which would have been about a fifth of the total U-235 needed to make one bomb. After Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945, the occupying US Army found five Japanese cyclotrons, which could be used to separate fissionable material from ordinary uranium. The Americans smashed the cyclotrons and dumped them into Tokyo Harbor.
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Japan's environmental history and current policies reflect a tenuous balance between economic development and environmental protection. In the rapid economic growth after the World War II, environmental policies had been downplayed by the government and industrial corporations. As an inevitable consequence, some crucial environmental pollutions (see four big pollution diseases of Japan) occurred in 1950s and 1960s. In the rising concern over the problem, the government legislated many environmental protection laws[47] in 1970 and established the Ministry of the Environment in 1971. The Oil crisis in 1973 ... encouraged the efficient use of energy due to Japan's lack of natural resources.[48] Current priority environmental issues include urban air pollution (NOx, suspended particulate matter, toxics), waste management, water eutrophication, nature conservation, climate change, chemical management and international co-operation for environmental conservation.[49]
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With mining and manufacturing at less than 15 percent of their prewar production levels combined with severe food shortages and rampant inflation, Japan took several steps to revitalize its economy using the American economic system as its model. In an effort to decentralize the business sector, the zaibatsu were dissolved and the "Law for the Elimination of Excessive Concentration of Economic Power" was passed. The zaibatsu had developed during the Meiji Restoration as groups of closely knit subsidiary companies which cooperated to expand their economic power. The Mitsubishi Honsha zaibatsu, for example, was a single holding company which owned the shares of all of its affiliated firms. This type of zaibatsu was commonly controlled by a single family and run by the head of the family. The effort to prohibit private monopolies from restraining trade or practicing unfair methods of competition shortly after the war reflected more the antitrust sentiments of the American occupation forces than the true feelings of the Japanese.
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For close to five decades after World War II, Japan's economy grew steadily through policies that closely aligned government and large manufacturers. That formula reached its peak in the late 1980s, when many Americans worried about falling behind what seemed an unstoppable export machine.
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Japan ... takes issues surrounding climate change and global warming seriously. As a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, and host of the 1997 conference which created it, Japan is under treaty obligations to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps related to curbing climate change. The Cool Biz campaign introduced under former Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi was targeted at reducing energy use through the reduction of air conditioning use in government offices.
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