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Jainism: Teachings
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The three gems of Jainism are right attitude, right knowledge, and right conduct. The right attitude takes an unbiased approach, believes in the nine essential principles, and uses discriminating perception. Right knowledge proceeds through the five stages of sense perception, study, intuition, clairvoyance, and omniscience (kevala). Right conduct or character comes from self-discipline, renunciation, and pure conduct in practicing the five major vows. The rationale for self-discipline is explained in the Uttaradhyayana
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The universal principles of Jainism are Ahimsa (non-injury), Satyam (truthfulness), Asteya (non-stealing), Brahmacharya (celibacy) and Aparigraha (non-covetousness). This corresponds to the Yama of Raja Yoga of Patanjali Maharshi. Jainism preaches universal brotherhood, equality of all beings. It enjoins on all its followers the practice of the greatest self-control.
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Mahatma Gandhi was deeply influenced (particularly through the guidance of Shrimad Rajchandra) by Jain tenets such as peaceful, protective living and honesty, and made them an integral part of his own philosophy.[9] Jainism has a distinct idea underlying Tirthankar worship. The physical form is not worshiped, but the Gunas (virtues, qualities) which are praised. Tirthankars are only role-models, and sects such as the Sthanakavasi stringently reject the worship of statues.
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In teaching about Apirigraham, Jainism stresses that greed, and particularly the desire to posses material goods, eventually entangles and limits human beings. Conversely, the absence of either the desire for possessions, or the possession of material goods, enables humans to be free not only in this world, but from the eventual freedom from the endless cycle of birth and death.
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The legendary founder of Jainism was called Rishabha, but claims that he lived many millions of years ago are obviously exaggerated. This first Tirthankara (literally "maker of the river-crossing") is said to have invented cooking, writing, pottery, painting, and sculpture, the institution of marriage and ceremonies for the dead. Not much else is recorded about Rishabha and the next twenty Tirthankaras, but the ancient Jaina tradition that there were ascetic religious teachers in India before the coming of the Vedic Aryans is likely from evidence found in the Harappan culture.
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Muslim influence on Jainism can be seen in a number of areas. It has been suggested that the concept of ashatanas—activities that are unsuitable or indecent in a temple—reveals a notion of the sanctity of the temple that recalls Muslim barakah (“holiness”) more than any traditional Jain attitude.
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