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1. Cousteau -- Jacques Yves Cousteau
   Known widely as the world's most famous undersea explorer, Jacques Yves Cousteau was a very inventive child. By his early teens, he had already built a model crane, a battery-operated automobile, and, due to his fascination with films, saved money to buy a home movie camera. As a young sailor in the French Navy, he became a diver and started his explorations underwater. One of his many contributions during a long career with the Navy was perfection of the aqualung which allowed divers to stay underwater for hours. In 1950, with the purchase of his famous ship the Calypso, he began his extensive exploration of the Earth's oceans. These adventures led to his writing many books and producing many films.
2. Napoleon Bonaparte -- Louis Napoleon
   Extra credit: Napoleon was short enough that early in his military career he was nicknamed "The Little Corporal." According to Napoleon.org, at his death he was 1.68 meters tall, or about 5'6"... The famous portrait of Napoleon with his hand stuck in his vest was painted by Jacques-Louis David.
3. Jean-Paul Marat -- Jean Paul Marat
   Jean Paul Marat was born in Boudry, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, on May 24, 1743, the son of lower-middle-class parents. Of his early years very little is known. He acquired a medical education and for some years was a successful physician in both England and France. He ... conducted scientific experiments in the fields of optics and electricity. But failure to achieve what he considered to be proper recognition for this work left him with a feeling of persecution.
4. Napoleon -- Hands
   Napoleon crowned himself Emperor on 2 December 1804 at Notre Dame de Paris. Claims that he seized the crown out of the hands of Pope Pius VII during the ceremony in order to avoid subjecting himself to the authority of the pontiff are apocryphal; in fact, the coronation procedure had been agreed upon in advance. After the Imperial regalia had been blessed by the Pope, Napoleon crowned himself before crowning his wife Joséphine Empress (the moment depicted in David's famous painting, illustrated above). Then at Milan's cathedral on 26 May 1805, Napoleon was crowned King of Italy with the Iron Crown of Lombardy.
5. Women Artists -- Exhibitions
   Newly established in 2006, the Institute for Women & Art brings together Rutgers' faculty, curators, researchers and artists to promote the study of women and art. The Institute supports and sponsors scholarship, research, exhibitions and programming on topics pertaining to women in art, including attention to past inequities, and promotes the transformation of policies, institutions, attitudes and social structures. It acts as a catalyst for creating an intellectual community among scholars and practitioners associated with Rutgers University and cooperates with other feminist, leadership and visual arts organizations. The Institute for Women and Art advances the development of Rutgers University as an internationally-known center for the study of women and art.
6. Antoine Lavoisier -- French Revolution
   Pierre-Samuel du Pont was a close friend of Antoine Lavoisier. The two first met when Lavoisier was collecting taxes at the Ferme Générale and du Pont was gaining a reputation as a political writer and economist. Du Pont was elected to the Constituent Assembly in 1789 as a delegate from the third estate of Nemours. During the French Revolution, du Pont, who supported a constitutional monarchy, volunteered to help guard Louis XVI when a mob attacked the palace in 1792. Eventually arrested, du Pont was spared death at the guillotine because of the fall of Maximilien Robespierre, the architect of the Reign of Terror. Du Pont sought a new life in the United States in 1799, because there, "persecuted men can find safety . . . [and] fortunes can be rebuilt." Having learned the newest methods of gunpowder manufacturing from Lavoisier, du Pont's son Eleuthère Irénée opened a powder works near Wilmington, Delaware, in 1802.
7. Romanticism -- Feelings
   In France the formative stage of Romanticism coincided with the Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815), and the first French Romantic painters found their inspiration in contemporary events. Antoine-Jean Gros began the transition from Neo-Classicism to Romanticism by moving away from the sober style of his teacher, Jacques-Louis David, to a more colourful and emotional style, influenced by the Flemish Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens, which he developed in a series of battle paintings glorifying Napoleon.
8. Antoine Lavoisier -- Chemistry
   Antoine Lavoisier reinvented chemistry, overthrowing the long-established principles of alchemy and inventing an entirely new terminology, one still in use by chemists. Madison Smartt Bell's enthralling narrative reads like a race to the finish line, as the very circumstances that enabled Lavoisier to secure his reputation as the father of modern chemistry--a considerable fortune and social connections with the likes of Benjamin Franklin--... caused his glory to be cut short by the French Revolution. 8 illustrations.
9. Claude Monet -- Le Havre
   Claude Monet’s impressionist style of art is the subject of discussion among the patrons of arts even today. A French painter, Monet’s devotion to impressionism and his ideals remained undamped despite much opposition he faced. His keen observation and the ability to grasp even the minutest of details are reflected in his paintings. A perfectionist, Monet would not even paint a small leaf without getting the perfect settings. Monet traveled widely across Europe in his quest for perfection and finally settled in Giverny.
10. Andrzej Wajda -- Andrzej Wajda'
    Andrzej Wajda is without doubt among Poland's most celebrated citizens. hailed as the essential Pole, a filmmaker who not only put his nation on the international map of cinema, securing a place for himself in the first rank of European directors, but ... devoted his life's work to illuminating the Polish character on screen. His work is a fusion of artistical, historical and philosophical strengths; his images display a forceful sense of composition and powerful interplay of light and shadow; and his scripts often achieve a well-nigh literary depth and complexity."

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