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Ivan Pavlov: Research
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Pavlov's research on conditional reflexes greatly influenced not only science, but ... popular culture. The phrase "Pavlov's dog" is often used to describe someone who merely reacts to a situation rather than use critical thinking. Pavlovian conditioning was a major theme in Aldous Huxley's dystopian novel, Brave New World, and also to a large degree in Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow.
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The final 35 years of Pavlov's research were devoted to the investigation of the conditioned reflex and the study of the brain. In the late 1920's, he began working with clinical patients, trying to understand the qualitative differences between the higher nervous processes of animals and of people.
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Pavlov felt that the experimental methods used by many physiologic researchers introduced too many sources of error. In order to understand the true physiological mechanisms of an organ, that organ had to be observed as it functioned as a part of whole body:
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This last observation listed above marks the beginning of a shift of Pavlov's research focus. He began to study the "higher mental processes", particularly the effects of sight and smell of food on salivation. He classified all the reactions of an animal as conditioned or unconditioned.
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Pavlov's followers furthered his research and showed certain behaviors can become so conditioned they occur only when the stimulation occurs. In other words, the dogs could be trained to salivate only at the sound of a bell.
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Carl Jung continued Pavlov's work on TMI and correlated the observed shutdown types in animals with his own introverted and extroverted temperament types in humans. Introverted persons, he believed, were more sensitive to stimuli and reached a TMI state earlier than their extroverted counterparts. This continuing research branch is gaining the name highly sensitive persons.
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