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Ivan Pavlov: Bell
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In a series of experiments, Pavlov then tried to figure out how these phenomena were linked. For example, he struck a bell when the dogs were fed. If the bell was sounded in close association with their meal, the dogs learnt to associate the sound of the bell with food. After a while, at the mere sound of the bell, they responded by drooling.
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Catania[6] cast doubt on whether Pavlov ever actually used a bell in his famous experiments. Littman[7] tentatively attributed the popular imagery to Pavlov’s contemporaries Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev and John B. Watson, until Thomas[8] found several references that unambiguously stated Pavlov did, indeed, use a bell.
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Before and during Pavlov's life and even today, a similar practice occurs in the United States. At the same time each day, the government schools (socialist schools) ring a bell, and children are led in robotic chanting of the "Pledge of Allegiance" each morning, for twelve years of their lives, like Pavlov's lapdogs of the state. It is a conditioned reflex that has been a catalyst for violence and persecution. It has elicited dog-like behavior in humans.
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It is popularly believed that Pavlov always signaled the occurrence of food by ringing a bell. However, his writings record the use of a wide variety of stimuli, including whistles, metronomes, tuning forks, and a range of visual stimuli, in addition to ringing a bell.
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