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Islam: Medinan Koran
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Within a century of the prophet's death in 632, Islam had spread through conquest and conversion into Asia and Africa, and as far west as Spain. The need for a unified system of law became apparent. The sharia developed out of the work of religious scholars and judges on the basis of the Koran, the other words and practices of the Prophet (the sunnah), analogical deduction, and community consensus. It was originally an attempt to counter what had become the aristocratic and sometimes corrupt rule of the caliphs.
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The doctrine of Islam cannot be reformed any more than a triangle can be reformed by changing the number of sides. It is logically impossible. Islamic doctrine is defined as unchanging and beyond reform. The Koran is perfect and eternal. Mohammed is the final prophet and the ideal model for all humanity for all times.
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Covering the four dimensions of Islam as outlined in the Hadith of Gabriel--practice, faith, spirituality, and the Islamic view of history--The Vision of Islam draws on the Koran, the sayings of the Prophet and the great authorities of the tradition. This clearly written book introduces the essentials of each dimension and then shows how each has been embodied in Islamic institutions throughout history.
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Islam differs clearly between monotheistic religions of Abrahamic origins and all other faiths. Islam defines the God of Judaism and Christianity as the same as the Koran's, but the religious content and scriptures of the two latter is declared as corrupted by humans.
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Most of them have the benign objective of helping in a better understanding of Islam among Muslims and non-Muslims alike. They contain interpretations of the holy Koran, explanations of Islamic religious traditions and practices and articles on the contribution of Islam to science and fine arts etc.
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Researchers with a variety of academic and theological interests are proposing controversial theories about the Koran and Islamic history, and are striving to reinterpret Islam for the modern world. This is, as one scholar puts it, a "sensitive business."
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