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Iroquois Indians: Tribes
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The Iroquois Confederacy was the highest form of political organization among the North American Indians. About 1570, the Mohawk, Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida, and Cayuga tribes (all the Iroquoian language family) created this confederacy to promote peace among themselves.
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In the seventeenth century, early white explorers and settlers encountered a tribe of Indians along the Delaware River and its tributaries that called themselves Lenape or the original people. After the English arrived, the Lenape were given their new name, the Delaware Indians. This name, derived from the third Lord de la Warr, Sir Thomas West, newly appointed governor of the English Colonies at Jamestown in 1610, applied to the people living on the shores of de la Warr Bay and the banks of the river emptying into it (the present day Delaware River). Much has been written about Delaware Indian history, but little has been done to give scholars a basic understanding concerning this oldest of the Algonquin languages. Mr. Wenning, a trained linguist has taken on the task of providing insight into the Delaware language in a very logical and easy to use way. With significant use of the 18th century journals of Moravian missionaries John Heckewelder and David Zeisberger, who together spent over 120 years among the Delawares of the East.
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Some British agents in the region, still stinging from their defeat in the Revolution, sold the Indians weapons and ammunition and encouraged the tribes to attack American settlers. War parties launched a series of isolated raids in the mid-1780s, resulting in escalating bloodshed and mistrust. In the fall of 1786, General Benjamin Logan led a force of Federal soldiers and mounted Kentucky militia against several Shawnee towns along the Mad River, protected primarily by noncombatants while the warriors were raiding forts in Kentucky. Logan burned the Indian towns and food supplies and killed or captured numerous Indians, including their chief, who was soon murdered by one of Logan's men. Logan's Raid and the death of the chief angered the Shawnees, who retaliated by further escalating their attacks on the whites.
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The first of three chronologically arranged volumes, Volume 1 begins with a description of the Indian tribes of New England, discusses the early settlers and their relations with the Indians, and covers the Pequod War and the wars of the Mohegans. The Indians are described in general terms regarding religion, art, language, agriculture, etc., as well as by specific tribe. Well-written and heavily footnoted, this book is an informative narrative of the Indian wars of New England. (1910) reprint
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The Dutch stayed aloof from the Indians. They did not proselytise to any extent and did not in large numbers mix with the Indian population. Their role in North America was as a catalyst in an already existing framework of inter-tribal conflicts and their particular relationships with the Iroquois were of necessity and not of design. Faced with Mohawk supremacy, they made the best of it. They were not involved in grand plots to disrupt the French fur trade through constant Indian wars, which affected Dutch fur trade as badly as the French. Rather, they were powerless to do much about it.
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Iroquois children attending reservation schools learn not only the subjects typically taught at non-Indian schools, but ... study their tribal culture and history. The stated goals of the Akwesasne Freedom School, for example, are "to facilitate learning so that the students will have a good self-concept as Indians, promote self-reliance, promote respect for the skills of living in harmony with others and the environment and master the academic and/or vocational skills necessary in a dualistic society" (The Native North American Almanac, edited by David Champagne [Detroit: Gale Research, 1994] p. 886).
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