LYCOS RETRIEVER 
Iodine: Water
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Iodine tincture for human antiseptic use on wounds and scrapes usually is sold in small quantities, typically in 1-ounce bottles containing 2 percent iodine. These small bottles are sold for $1 to $2. "Strong" iodine tincture (7% concentration) for veterinary use is sold in various sizes from 16-ounce bottles to 50-gallon drums. A 16-ounce bottle of strong iodine is sold for $4 to $6. The primary ingredients in iodine tincture are ethyl alcohol and water.
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Iodine is a very effective method for water purification. Iodine destroys bacteria, viruses and cysts, and its action is dependent on its concentration, the water temperature and duration of contact. A concentration of 8 mgs per litre at 20 degrees centigrade, will destroy all pathogens if left for 10 minutes. Lower concentrations and lower water temperatures require a longer duration of action.
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Iodine is obtained either from kelp (the ashes of burnt seaweed) or from the mother-liquors obtained in the purification of Chile saltpetre. In the former case the seaweed is burnt in large heaps, care being taken that too high a temperature is not reached, for if the ash be allowed to fuse much iodine is lost by volatilization. The product obtained after burning is known either as kelp or varec. Another method of obtaining kelp is to heat the seaweed in large retorts, whereby tarry and ammoniacal liquors pass over and a very porous residue of kelp remains. A later method consists in boiling the weed with sodium carbonate; the liquid is filtered and hydrochloric acid added to the filtrate, when alginic acid is precipitated; this is ... filtered off, the filtrate neutralized by caustic soda, and the whole evaporated to dryness and carbonized, the residue obtained being known as kelp substitute. The kelp obtained by any of these methods is then lixiviated with water, which extracts the soluble salts, and the liquid is concentrated, when the less soluble salts, which are chiefly alkaline chlorides, sulphates and carbonates, crystallize out and are removed.
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Iodine, like all halogens, is chemically active. It is only slightly soluble in water, but it dissolves readily in an aqueous solution of potassium iodide. It is ... soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and other organic reagents. With seven electrons in the outer shell of its atom, iodine has several oxidation states, of which the main ones are -1, +1, +3, +5, and +7. It combines readily with most metals to form iodides, and it also combines with other halides (chemical compounds made up of a halogen atom and a metal atom). Reactions with oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon are accomplished with more difficulty.
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Iodine is used in medical treatment as tincture and iodioform, it is employed in the preparation of certain drugs and in the manufacture of some printing inks and dyes. Silver iodine is used in photography. Iodine is added to almost all the table salt and is used as a supplement to animal feed. It is ... an ingredient of water purification tablets that are used for drinking water preparation.
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Iodine is used as a disinfectant for cleaning surfaces and storage containers and is used in skin soaps and bandages, and for purifying water. Iodine is ... added to some table salt to ensure that all people in the United States have enough iodine in their diet.
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