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Iodine: Iodides
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Iodine is an essential trace mineral, required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Ingested iodine is converted to iodide, the ionized form of iodine, in the gut. Dietary sources include fish, iodized salt, and iodates used as bread preservatives. Fish is a good source of iodine because, over the millennia, iodine has been leached from the soil and washed into the oceans. Iodine in fish may be free, as a substituent for chlorine, or bound to protein.
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Iodine is an easily oxidisable substance. Food that is present in the digestive tract, will oxidize iodine to iodide which is not corrosive to the gastrointestinal tract, (Reynolds, 1989; Gosselin et al., 1984).
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Iodine finds application in organic chemistry, forming addition products with unsaturated compounds, the combination... being more slow than in the case of chlorine or bromine. It rarely substitutes directly, because the hydriodic acid produced reverses the reaction; this can be avoided by the presence of precipitated mercuric oxide or iodic acid, which react with the hydriodic acid as fast as it is formed, and consequently remove it from the reacting system. As a rule it is preferable to use iodine in the presence of a carrier, such as amorphous phosphorus or ferrous iodide or to use it with a solvent. It is found that most organic compounds containing the grouping CH 3 CO. C - or CH 3. CH(OH) C - in the presence of iodine and alkali give iodoform CH13.
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Iodine is available commercially so it is not normally necessary to make it in the laboratory. Iodine occurs in seawater but in much smaller quantities than chloride or bromide. As for bromine, with suitable sources of brine, it is recovered commercially through the treatment of brine with chlorine gas and flushing through with air. In this treatment, iodide is oxidized to iodine by the chlorine gas.
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Iodine is used in a number of chemical and biological applications. Silver iodide is used in photography. Iodide is used as a disinfectant. Iodine compounds are used as a catalyst. It is used as a supplement in animal feeds. Potassium iodine is included in table salt as a simple way to assure adequate iodine in the human diet.
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Iodine is plentifully supplied by sea foods and by vegetables grown in soil containing iodide. In areas where the soil is deficient in iodide, locally grown vegetables are ... deficient, and hence goitre occurs in defined geographical regions, especially inland upland areas over limestone soil. Where deficiency is a problem, salt may be iodized to increase iodide intake.
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Iodides