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International Phonetic Alphabet
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Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, often simply referred to as ''arthrogryposis'' (International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA pronunciation: ), is a rare disease of the musculoskeletal system. Affecting approximately 1 in 3000 births, the disease is marked by limited range of motion in one or more major joints in the human body. In the most severe cases, almost every joint in the body is affected; more typically, only a subset of joints are affected (e.g. those in the arms, or those in the hips and legs).Arthrogryposis is typically congenital, non-hereditary, with no known specific cause. While there is no cure, treatment options include splinting of affected joints, physical therapy to improve flexion and range of motion, and surgery to help reposition severely affected joints and limbs. Those not severely afflicted typically live relatively normal lives, adapting to specific situations as required by the patient's particular symptoms.
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The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation created by the International Phonetic Association. Founded in Paris in 1886, it was made to make a way of showing sounds of any spoken language which would be the same for every language [1]. It is used, often on a day-to-day basis, by linguists, speech pathologists and therapists, foreign language teachers, lexicographers, and translators to transcribe words and phonemes. It is ... used on Wikipedia pages to help the user know how certain words are meant to be spoken. Most symbols are letters in the Latin alphabet, or variations of it, such as the palatal approximant (/y/ as in yesterday) is represented by [
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For students who have mastered the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) phonetic transcriptions can help improve their understanding of the importance of connected speech when speaking English. Dictionaries give single word phonetic transcriptions which can greatly improve students pronunciation skills. However, when speaking to native speakers, students are often surprised at how the phonetic transcriptions seem to not always match pronunciation used in connected speech. This is in great part due to the fact that English is a time stressed language, as opposed to a syllabic language (See "Stress and Intonation: Key to Understanding"). This manner of speaking greatly influences, and sometimes even changes, the pronunciation of single words. The following lesson provides students with an opportunity to examine how connected speech can change pronunciation.
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] (AmE) (See IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) or IPA chart for English for notation usage.) Other Japanese publishers refer to the puzzle as Number Place, the original U.S. title, or as "Nampure" for short. Some non-Japanese publishers spell the title as "Su Doku".
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The following interactive charts of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) were designed by Eric Armstrong of York University, Toronto, Canada; and voiced by Paul Meier, of the University of Kansas, USA. They are provided as an aid to students of dialects and phonetics. If you are studying dialects with Paul Meier Dialect Services books or booklets, and want to hear one of the "signature sounds" in isolation, or in comparison with other sounds, you may do so using the charts here. Vowels, consonants, ingressives, suprasegmentals, intonation, diacritics, ejectives, implosives, diphthongs, and clicks are demonstrated. Clicking one of the charts below will link you to a Flash animation. (Get Flashplayer free.) Some of the files are quite large and may take some time to load with a dial-up connection, while others are smaller and will load more quickly.
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The International Phonetic Alphabet was originally developed by British and French phoneticians under the auspices of the International Phonetic Association, established in Paris in 1886 (both the organisation and the phonetic script are best known as IPA). The alphabet has undergone a number of revisions during its history, including some major ones codified by the IPA Kiel Convention (1989). Most letters are taken from the Roman alphabet or derived from it, some are taken from the Greek alphabet, and some are apparently unrelated to any standard alphabet.
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International Phonetic Alphabet