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International Phonetic Alphabet: International Phonetic Association
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The development of the IPA dates back to 1886, when a group of French and British language teachers formed the International Phonetic Association. Two years later, the International Phonetic Association released the first official version of the IPA. The first official version of the alphabet appears in Passy (1888). These teachers based the IPA upon the Romic alphabet of Henry Sweet (1880–1881, 1971), which was formed from the Phonotypic Alphabet of Isaac Pitman and Alexander John Ellis (Kelly 1981). The organization of vowels and consonants has largely remained the same, with the consonants always being grouped by the place of articulation, and the vowels being grouped by the tongue's position.
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The International Phonetic Association recommends that a phonetic transcription should be enclosed in square brackets "[]". A transcription that specifically denotes only phonological contrasts may be enclosed in slashes "//" instead. If one is in doubt, it is best to use brackets, for by setting off a transcription with slashes one makes a theoretical claim that every symbol within is phonemically contrastive for the language being transcribed.
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The IPA is defined by the International Phonetic Association, which revises it from time to time as new speech sounds are discovered. The very first version of the IPA dates to 1886; it had attained essentially its current form by 1949. The changes since then consist almost entirely of the addition of symbols for the more exotic speech sounds.
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In a linguistic context IPA originally stands for International Phonetic Association, an organization set up in the 1880s for discussion of phonetic matters, and the standardization of phonetic transcriptions. Among the founders was Paul Passy, and another was Henry Sweet, the great phonetician that Shaw's Henry Higgins in Pygmalion is based on.
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The IPA was first published in 1888 by the Association Phonétique Internationale (International Phonetic Association), a group of French language teachers founded by Paul Passy. The aim of the organisation was to devise a system for transcribing the sounds of speech which was independent of any particular language and applicable to all languages.
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It is an international standard, promulgated by the International Phonetic Association, which provides symbols for all of the sounds that have been discovered in the world's languages. Dakelh is not normally written in IPA, but some materials prepared for the use of linguists have been written in IPA.
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International Phonetic Association