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International Phonetic Alphabet: International Phonetic Association
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The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation devised by linguists. It is used by phoneticians, linguists, speech and language therapists, speech scientists, dialectogists, foreign language teachers, lexicographers and translators, often on a day-to-day basis.MacMahon, Michael. "Phonetic Notation." The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press, 1996: New York, New York. The alphabet is intended to provide a standardized, accurate and unique representation for every sound element in human language, that is distinguished as a phone or a phoneme.International Phonetic Association.
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The International Phonetic Alphabet was created by the International Phonetic Association (... IPA), formed by a group of English and French linguists way back in 1886. The alphabet has gone through several revisions: while the bulk of it is based on the 1989 Kiel Convention, some changes were made as late as 1996. Many people have suggested improvements, but the IPA in its current form serves its purpose admirably.
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The International Phonetic Association (IPA) is the major as well as the oldest representative organization for phoneticians. It was established in 1886 in Paris. The aim of the IPA is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. The IPA provides the academic community world-wide with a notational standard for the phonetic representation of all languages, the International Phonetic Alphabet (... IPA). The latest version of the IPA Alphabet was published in 1993 and updated in 1996. Beyond the field of phonetics, this discipline has real application for students of voice, particularly those in a performing arts career like singing, acting, or voice-over work.
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Description: The International Phonetic Association (http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.html) defines the International Phonetic Alphabet. It is a standard set of symbols for transcribing the sounds of spoken languages. The full chart of IPA symbols is published on the International Phonetic Association WWW site. Also provided are charts for consonants, vowels, tones and accents, suprasegmentals, diacritics and other symbols. A cassette of sounds is available: see http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/cassette.htm
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Despite its preference for letters that harmonize with the Latin alphabet, the International Phonetic Association has occasionally admitted symbols that do not have this property. For example, prior to 1989, the IPA symbols for click consonants were , , , and , all of which are clearly derived from Latin and Greek letters, as well as punctuation marks. However, except for [ʘ], none of these symbols was reflective of contemporary practice among Khoisanists (the main users of symbols for click consonants). As a result, they were replaced by the less Latin-like but more widespread symbols , , , , and at the IPA Kiel Convention in 1989.
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The Association has edited the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, published by Cambridge University Press (1999). It replaces the booklet, The Principles of the International Phonetic Association (London 1949). It is available in both hardback and paperback editions. The Handbook is an essential reference work for all those involved in the analysis of speech. The basics of phonetic analysis are presented so that the principles underlying the Alphabet can be readily understood. Examples are given of the use of each of the phonetic symbols.
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International Phonetic Association