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Industrial Revolution: United States
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The paper begins with the spread of the first industrial revolution to Europe and the United States, naming these developments the "Second Industrial Revolution". The paper places this revolution in a time frame and gives a background to it in terms of the political, socioeconomic, and scientific developments in the United States and the technological and scientific advances in Germany. The reasons for the United States "edge" in the second industrial revolution are examined. The differences in innovations in the two revolutions are discussed. Using the examples of the automobile industry and the creation of the modern corporation, the development of mass production is studied. The paper ... explores how this revolution changed society and debates whether it has ended yet.
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In contemporary culture, the often pejorative connotations that the term industrial revolution retains, is a result of artistic, literary and historical interpretation. Many of the artists, poets, essayists, and novelists of early nineteenth century Britain, lamented the momentous changes which the coming of modern industry brought to the landscape, social relations, and the very souls of England's people caught up in its impersonal power. Others were much impressed by humanity's new ability to order nature and to harness its energy for material welfare. Liberals insisted that the well being of the common people was not a matter of "rose covered cottages" but of "steam power and independence." Socialists of the time, as well as subsequent critics of capitalism, have echoed literary critiques of market society and added a thesis of class exploitation. By contrast, modern conservatives have echoed earlier liberal views and protest that society's predilections toward the welfare state and its distrust of capitalism are rooted in a false and unduly pessimistic interpretation of the industrial revolution.
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The changes brought by the Industrial Revolution overturned not only traditional economies, but ... whole societies. Economic changes caused far-reaching social changes, including the movement of people to cities, the availability of a greater variety of material goods, and new ways of doing business. The Industrial Revolution was the first step in modern economic growth and development. Economic development was combined with superior military technology to make the nations of Europe and their cultural offshoots, such as the United States, the most powerful in the world in the 18th and 19th centuries.
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All the major rivers of the United Kingdom were made more navigable during the Industrial Revolution. The Severn, in particular, was used for the movement of goods to the Midlands which had been imported into Bristol from abroad, and for the export of goods from centres of production in Shropshire such as iron goods from Coalbrookdale. Transport was by way of trows—small sailing vessels which could pass the various shallows and bridges in the river. The trows could navigate the Bristol Channel to the South Wales ports and Somerset ports, such as Bridgwater and even as far as France.
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Causation ... informs the question of why countries imitated Britain's initial industrial revolution in the order they did. Here, resources, prior economic and cultural structure, and opportunities for contact with industrial leaders play crucial roles. One of the ways to begin to fit United States industrialization into its appropriate international context is to align American causation with that of Germany or, a bit later, Russia or Japan.
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The economies of Europe, and later that of the United States, were quickly expanding during the Industrial Revolution. This was a result of the continuous spiral of inventions, rising standard of living, easier access to education and mass production. These newly industrialized countries were hungry for more markets, as well as for cheaper raw materials.
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