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Industrial Revolution: United States
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Perhaps the greatest single mystery about the Industrial Revolution is that it did not start a full-scale social war. The workers had their example in the French Revolution, which began in 1789, and heaven knows they had good reason to rebel: They knew well enough what their labour was worth, and they saw that the profits of that labour were going to the masters and the State.
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The Industrial Revolution started in England around 1733 with the first cotton mill. A more modern world had begun. As new inventions were being created, factories followed soon thereafter. England wanted to keep its industrialization a secret, so they prohibited anyone who had worked in a factory to leave the country. Meanwhile, Americans offered a significant reward to anyone who could build a cotton-spinning machine in the United States. Samuel Slater, who had been an apprentice in an English cotton factory, disguised himself and came to America.
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After the 1850s, the Industrial Revolution entered a new phase as Belgium, France, Germany, the United States, and later Japan industrialized rapidly. The French government supported projects to improve transportation. After Germany became unified in the 1870s, its industries forged ahead.
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The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the nineteenth century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation. At the turn of the century, innovator Henry Ford, father of the assembly line, stated, "There is but one rule for the industrialist, and that is: Make the highest quality goods possible at the lowest cost possible, paying the highest wages possible."
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Harder - In the histories of nations, innovations in technology have sometimes occurred at such a rapid pace that the era became known as an industrial revolution. The first Industrial Revolution occurred in Great Britain between 1750 and 1830. Developments there moved the country from a largely rural population that made its livelihood almost entirely from agriculture to a town-centered society that was increasingly engaged in factory manufacture. Later in the 19th century, similar revolutionary transformations occurred in other European nations and the United States. The main effects were not felt in countries like Russia and Japan until the 20th century. In other countries these transformational developments are only now occurring or still lie in the future.
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The eighteenth-century origins of the industrial revolution lay in the mechanical innovations in textile production developed in Britain. Further industrial progress in the production of iron led to British ascendancy in railway building, so that by the mid nineteenth-century the country was the world's industrial leader--the "workshop of the world." Other countries, particularly Germany and the U.S., profiting from British experience, rose to the challenge in the later nineteenth century and forged ahead to set their own distinctive marks on industrial leadership. The United States after the civil war was on the way to becoming the world’s leader in manufacturing, especially in agricultural machinery. Likewise Germany prospered through imitation of processes borrowed from English inventiveness--textile manufacturing, iron and steel production, steam engines and railways. She soon had England on the defensive through the production of cheap and poorer-quality, though eminently more saleable, industrial goods for a world market.
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