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Industrial Revolution: Societies
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Clearly, an antiquated societal regime was replaced with a new one at the time of the industrial revolution. Capitalism, born out of the industrial revolution, took the place of feudalism. The two classes of landowners and peasants were swiftly replaced by the two new classes of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The bourgeoisie were the owners of capital, and the proletariat were workers, with very few personal possessions. Largely, these workers were newcomers from the villages, the former peasants.
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Although there is some discussion about its timing, the industrial revolution is generally accepted as occurring in Britain in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The revolution was in technology—new techniques involving new machinery and new processes—but was accompanied by social and political changes. These changes, beginning in Britain, took place over a long period of time but their effects transformed society.
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See Chapter 7 for a description of the events and economic shifts leading up to the Industrial Revolution. Chapter 8 covers the experience of industrialization. Chapter 9 describes how new communication methods, including the railroad, affected the rate of societal change.
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