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Industrial Revolution: Industries
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[T]his progress, as demonstrated, known as the Industrial Revolution took hold in England. It was due, throughout, to the introduction of new or improved machinery and large-scale production methods. It meant that people were called upon to shift away from the mean and servile tasks of the preindustrial farm to the mean and servile tasks of the factory or workshop. No matter the age, distasteful work, is, distasteful work. The principal difference between the two ages, that before and that of the Industrial Age, is this: in their every day life, the people ate better, were clothed better, and generally led healthier and more productive lives.
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It was in 1811 that the most outspoken and violent movement to protest the Industrial Revolution began. In the first few months of that year, manufacturers in the city of Nottingham began to receive threatening letters from the mysterious "General Ned Ludd and the Army of Redressers." Workers of the area, angry at employers who were reducing wages and even replacing experienced employees with unskilled (and therefore less expensive) laborers, began to revolt, breaking into factories and destroying hundreds of stocking frames in the space of a few weeks. The concept became known as Luddism, and over the next year the movement spread throughout the industrial centres of England. Damages inflicted were generally restricted to the destruction of factories and mills, but did occasionally extend to violence against people, including the killing of William Horsfall, the owner of a large mill in the area of Yorkshire (Luddites - the machine breakers).
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Technological, political, and social change The Industrial Revolution brought many changes. New materials, basically iron and steel, were used as well as new energy sources, such as coal and the steam engine, and most obviously new machinery, particularly in the textile industry. Transport systems were revolutionized by steam trains, canals, and better roads. As cottage industries were replaced by the factory system, new methods of labour organization were employed, bringing specialization, the division of labour, and new relationships between employer and employee.
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The Industrial Revolution could not have developed without machine tools, for they enabled manufacturing machines to be made. They have their origins in the tools developed in the 18th century by makers of clocks and watches and scientific instrument makers to enable them to batch-produce small mechanisms. The mechanical parts of early textile machines were sometimes called 'clock work' because of the metal spindles and gears they incorporated. The manufacture of textile machines drew craftsmen from these trades and is the origin of the modern engineering industry.
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A revolution in agriculture in the 1700s created conditions that favored the Industrial Revolution.Farmers began growing new crops and using new technology such as the seed drill and the iron plow. Increased food production improved people's diet and health, which in turn contributed to rapid population growth. Better farming methods meant that fewer people were needed to farm. As a result, unemployed farmers formed a large new labor force.
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The Industrial Revolution led to a population increase. Industrial workers were better paid than those in agriculture. With more money, women ate better, had healthier babies, who were themselves better fed. Death rates declined, and the distribution of age in the population became more youthful. There was limited opportunity for education, and children were expected to work. Employers ... liked that they could pay a child less than an adult.
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