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Industrial Revolution: Centuries
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Certain it is, that little improvement was to be seen in the first years of the Industrial Revolution. It should not have been expected that the benefits of technological developments were to be immediately felt in any far reaching fashion. It is true that a generation beyond that of James Watt was to pass before life was to improve for the poor classes. This was due to the intervening years, long years of war.5 The social reformers of the 19th century... were convinced that only the top end of the middle class were lifted up by the Industrial Revolution. One of these was John Stuart Mill, who in 1848 wrote:
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These represent three 'leading sectors', in which there were key innovations, which allowed the economic take off by which the Industrial Revolution is usually defined. This is not to belittle many other inventions, particularly in the textile industry. Without some earlier ones, such as spinning jenny and flying shuttle in the textile industry and the smelting of pig iron with coke, these achievements might have been impossible. Later inventions such as the power loom and Richard Trevithick's high pressure steam engine were ... important in the growing industrialisation of Britain. The application of steam engines to powering cotton mills and ironworks enabled these to be built in places that were most convenient because other resources were available, rather than where there was water to power a mill. Also important was the 1756 rediscovery of concrete (based on hydraulic lime mortar) by the British engineer John Smeaton, which had been lost for 13 centuries.[24]
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‘It is a wide-ranging survey of the principal economic and social aspects of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century. The eleven chapters range widely over modern conceptions of the Industrial Revolution, through a consideration of women in the workforce, religion and political stability and sex and desire to politics, crime and social aspects of that revolutionary period. Valuable bibliographies are appended to each chapter. The papers are invariably well written and stimulating, raising questions of historiography and methodology that students above 13 are perfectly capable of understanding.’ Richard Brown, Teaching History
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The introduction of liberalism in the 18th century by les philosophes meant a new age in British politics, which continued through the Industrial Revolution. The old Tory and Whig parties became the Conservative and Liberal parties respectively, reflecting the new era in Britain (Haberman).
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The industrial revolution has its beginnings in 18th century England. The “revolution” found its way to the North American colonies where inventors, machinist, and visionaries pushed forward the revolution. While most revolution last for a relatively short time this revolution continued throughout the 19th century.
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The term `Industrial Revolution´ has been criticized on the grounds that it implies a sudden and dramatic change, whereas the process of industrialization was long drawn out, erratic, and varied from industry to industry and from region to region. It should be understood in the context of the continuing social and political changes, agricultural innovations, accumulation of capital, and expansion of trade which had taken place in the 17th century and earlier.
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