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Indonesia: United States
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Indonesia's main export markets (2005) are Japan (22.3%), the United States (13.9%), China (9.1%), and Singapore (8.9%). The major suppliers of imports to Indonesia are Japan (18.0%), China (16.1%), and Singapore (12.8%). In 2005, Indonesia ran a trade surplus with export revenues of US$83.64 billion and import expenditure of US$62.02 billion. The country has extensive natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, tin, copper, and gold. Indonesia's major imports include machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, and foodstuffs.[81]
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Last year was the final year of the IMF assistance program designed to pull Indonesia's economy out of the emergency situation that had developed during the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis. In March 2003, the IMF disbursed the scheduled $469 million tranche of its bailout package after reporting that Indonesia had made good progress instituting reforms. The IMF review cited Indonesia's continued economic growth, decreasing inflation rates, and strengthened banking sector as examples of progress made, while mentioning that more reforms were still necessary. Conditions of the $43 billion bailout agreement included improving the transparency of government financing and especially the operation of government-owned enterprises such as the state-run PT Pertamina oil monopoly. The government of Megawati Sukarnoputri expressed a commitment to reforms when it took office in 2001, but progress has been limited since then, with the April 2004 ouster of reform-minded Pertamina head Baihaki Hakim renewing concerns – especially among urgently needed foreign investors – that Indonesia's efforts to improve transparency have faltered.
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Indonesia has a market-based economy in which the government plays a significant role. It owns more than 164 state-owned enterprises and administers prices on several basic goods, including fuel, rice, and electricity. In the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis that began in mid-1997, the government took custody of a significant portion of private sector assets through acquisition of nonperforming bank loans and corporate assets through the debt restructuring process.
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This week the United States government announced a new pandemic vaccine target, the H5N1 sequence from a patient in Indonesia. Although available sequences indicate several pandemic vaccine targets would be desirable, the utility of the chosen sequence cannot be independently evaluated because none of the H5N1 sequences from human patients in Indonesia are publicly available. Similarly, no sequences from confirmed H5N1 positive human patients in Turkey, Iraq, and China are available outside of the private WHO database. Considering the hundreds of millions that will likely be spent in manufacturing a "new" vaccine against H5N1, additional research and analysis by the scientific community would be both warranted and potentially beneficial.
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The Department of State urges Americans in Indonesia to avoid crowds, maintain a low profile, and be vigilant about security at all times. Americans are advised to monitor local news broadcasts, vary their routes and times in carrying out daily activities, and consider the level of preventive security when visiting public places in Indonesia. Americans who choose to vacation in Indonesia despite the security risks are advised to consider the level of preventive security when choosing hotels, restaurants, beaches, entertainment venues, and recreation sites.
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The thirteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP-13) took place December 3-14, 2007, in Bali, Indonesia. The United States is committed to advancing negotiations at Bali, leading to a new international approach on energy security and climate change. more
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