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Indonesia: President Suharto
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Indonesia has recently undergone significant changes in its political and structural reforms. It has pursued major political liberalization and is scheduled to hold its first-ever direct presidential elections this year. It has ... embarked on a massive decentralization that should improve the local provision of public goods.
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On Oct. 20, 1999, in a surprising upset, the Indonesian parliament elected Abdurrahman Wahid as the new president of Indonesia, defeating Megawati Sukarnoputri, the popular leader of the Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle. Wahid was a Sufi cleric as well as an adept politician with a reputation for honesty and moderation.
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Despite all its recent progress, Indonesia remains far from a fully functioning democracy. Religious intolerance is on the rise. Military reform is stalled. The normal checks and balances that form part of any democratic society remain far from taking root. Thus when U.S. President George W. Bush visits Indonesia today, human rights needs to be high on his agenda.
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Indonesia's 300,000-member armed forces (TNI) include the Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL, which includes marines), and Air Force (TNI-AU).[50] The army has about 233,000 active-duty personnel. Defense spending in the national budget was 4% of GDP in 2006, and is controversially supplemented by revenue from military commercial interests and foundations.[51] In the post-Suharto period since 1998, formal TNI representation in parliament has been removed; though curtailed, its political influence remains extensive.[52] Separatist movements in the provinces of Aceh and Papua have led to armed conflict, and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all sides.[53] Following a sporadic thirty year guerrilla war between the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and the Indonesian military, a ceasefire agreement was reached in 2005.[54] In Papua, there has been a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws, and a reported decline in the levels of violence and human rights abuses, since the presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.[55]
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June 7, 1999, marked Indonesia's first free parliamentary election since 1955. The ruling Golkar Party took a backseat to the Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P), led by Megawati Sukarnoputri, the daughter of Sukarno, Indonesia's first president.
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In 1952 President NoName declared war on the Netherlands and proclaimed Indonesia a Republic. The Dutch responded to this by launching the "politionele acties" witch means police actions but they came down to "just kill everyone who looks Indonesian". Thereafter, there was to be overseas shoppings and cheapsex for all tourists.
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