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Imperialism in Asia: New Imperialism
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Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Soviet criticisms of U.S. imperialism gained some popular support in Asian, African, and Latin American societies struggling for independence against inherited European and American domination. This was most evident in Indochina. Despite its anticolonial inclinations, U.S. leaders supported French colonialism in this region of Southeast Asia after World War II. In the eyes of U.S. policymakers, national independence for Vietnamese, Laotian, and Cambodian citizens threatened to undermine the stability and security of the region. Nationalist governments would allegedly threaten trade and economic development. Most significantly, American leaders feared that newly independent governments would fall under the influence of Soviet and, after 1949, Chinese communism.
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Elements of both conceptions are present in the "New imperialism" of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. But along with the adoption of ultra-nationalist and racial supremacist ideologies, the period saw a shift to pre-emptive colonial expansion, fueled by the imposition of tariff barriers aimed at excluding economic rivals from markets.
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Imperialism was promoted by monopolizing the external trade of the subordinate nation. The imperial power takes raw materials from the colony and sells it finished goods in return, discouraging the development of any manufacturing industry which might compete with its own. It was further endorsed by the imperialist gaze, which saw subsistence landscapes as ‘empty’ (despite the presence of indigenous people) and ripe for capitalism: colonized spaces were deterritorialized, ‘stripped of preceding significations and then re-territorialized according to the convenience of the…imperial administration’ (D. Harvey 1989). This imperialist gaze ... developed new constructs of race and gender—See colonial discourse—and Blunt (Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 24) has illustrated the political significance of imperial power at the domestic scale.
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The expansions of the New Imperialism took place against a background of increasing competition (over resources, strategic power, and prestige) between the industrialized nations. This activity followed the erosion of Pax Britannica, during which British industrial and naval supremacy underpinned an informal empire of free trade and commercial hegemony.
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New Imperialism