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Hungary
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Hungary has long been an agricultural country, but since World War II it has become heavily industrialized. Through the 1980s, industry was largely nationally owned and two thirds of agricultural output came from collective and state farms. Hungary’s economy underwent difficult readjustment in the 1990s, as it moved from producing goods chiefly for export to the USSR to developing a market-based economy and finding new trading partners. By the end of 1995, almost all retail trade had been privatized and less than half of all economic output originated from state-owned enterprises. Economic reforms ... brought high unemployment and rising inflation, but today Hungary’s economy is one of the most prosperous in Eastern Europe.
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In 1956 Hungary was a Warsaw Pact nation under the de facto control of the Soviet Union. Following the Soviet "liberation" of Hungary in World War II a puppet Stalinist government was installed and supported by the occupying Red Army. Khrushchev's "Secret Speech" condemning Stalin in early 1956 encouraged several Warsaw Pact states to seek a level of autonomy. Poland ousted its old Stalinist bureaucrats and installed Gomulka over Khrushchev's objections. Hungary followed with a student/worker solidarity movement in late October 1956 which installed the nationalist Imre Nagy as the head of the Hungarian government. Nagy's stated intent to remove Hungary from the Warsaw Pact led Khrushchev to send the Red Army into Budapest to bloodily crush the insurrection.
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Hungary has a Continental Climate , with hot, steamy, humid summers and frigid to cold snowy winters. Average annual temperature is 9.7°C (49.5°F). Temperature extremes are about 42°C (110°F) in the summer and −29°C (−20°F) in the winter. Average temperature in the summer is 27 to 35°C (81 to 95°F), and in the winter it is 0 to −15°C (32 to 5°F). The average yearly rainfall is approximately 600 millimeters (24in). A small, southern region of the country near Pécs enjoys a reputation for a Mediterranean climate, but in reality it is only slightly warmer than the rest of the country and still receives snow during the winter.
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Hungary has a continental climate cold in winter, hot in summer - but owing to the physical configuration of the country it varies considerably. If Transylvania be excepted, three separate zones are roughly 'distinguishable: the " highland," comprising the counties in the vicinity of the Northern and Eastern Carpathians, where the winters are very severe and continue for half the year; the " intermediate " zone, embracing the country stretching northwards from the Drave and Mur, with the Little Hungarian Plain, and the region of the Upper Alfold, extending from Budapest to Nyiregyhaza and Sarospatak; and the " great lowland " zone, including the main portion of the Great Hungarian Plain, and the region of the lower Danube, where the heat during the summer months is almost tropical. In Transylvania the climate bears the extreme characteristics peculiar to mountainous countries interspersed with valleys; whilst the climate of the districts bordering on the Adriatic is modified by the neighbourhood of the sea. The minimum of the temperature is attained in January and the maximum in July. The rainfall in Hungary, except in the mountainous regions, is small in comparison with that of Austria. In these regions the greatest fall is during the summer, though in some years the autumn showers are heavier.
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Hungary has been slowly modernizing and downsizing its armed forces since it left the Warsaw Pact in 1990. The transition from a heavy, slow-moving Warsaw Pact force to a lighter, versatile NATO force has been a long road, and U.S. advisers have been involved in the process throughout. The force has gone from 130,000 in 1989 to approximately 24,000 combat and combat support forces in 2008 while dozens of bases have been closed. New training, logistics, and leadership systems and a new Joint Forces Command structure have been implemented, while considerable practical experience working with NATO and other forces has been achieved by Hungarians serving in peacekeeping missions (about 1,000 at any given time). Hungary was especially helpful during the implementation of the Dayton Peace Accords in the Balkans from 1995-2004, when its airbase at Taszar was used by coalition forces transiting the region. Hungary currently leads a Provisional Reconstruction Team (PRT) in Afghanistan and has committed to providing an Operational Mentoring and Liaison Team (OMLT) to the Dutch Sector in Uruzgan Province; provides Special Forces personnel, without caveat, to the U.S. forces; and provides security at the Kabul airport.
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After 1945, psychoanalysts in Hungary resumed their activities. They participated in the creation of a mental health institute and worked in dispensaries. But the Stalinist government, which came to power in 1948, forced the association to dissolve. From then on psychoanalysis survived in a semi-clandestine fashion, primarily through the help of Imre Hermann, who trained the new generation of analysts: György Vikár, Livia Nemes, Agnes Binét, Teréz Virág. The dark years after 1956 were marked by the suicide of Lilly Hajdu, whose husband was murdered by the Nazis and whose son, a friend of Imre Nagy, had been executed along with the prime minister. During the sixties, the Kádar government became more tolerant of psychoanalysis.
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