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Hundred Years War: Hundred Years War England
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The Hundred Years War was a series of wars between England and France. The background of the Hundred Years War went as far back as to the reign of William the Conqueror. When William the Conqueror became king in 1066 after his victory at the Battle of Hastings, he united England with Normandy in France. William ruled both as his own.
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The Hundred Years War was a series of engagments between England in France from 1337 to 1453. During the early phases England won most of the battles. In 1429, the French gained the upper hand and expelled English troops from France except for Calais.
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The Hundred Years' War was a long struggle between England and France over succession to the French throne. It lasted from 1337 to 1453, so it might more accurately be called the "116 Years' War." The war starts off with several stunning successes on Britain's part, and the English forces dominate France for decades. Then, the struggle see-saws back and forth. In the 1360s, the French are winning. From 1415-1422, the English are winning. After 1415, King Henry V of England revives the campaign and he conquers large portions of France, winning extraordinary political concessions.
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The Lancastrian War was the third of the phases of the Anglo-French Hundred Years' War. It lasted from 1415, when Henry V of England invaded Normandy, to 1429, when English successes were reversed by the arrival of Joan of Arc. It followed a long series of peaces lasting from 1389, when the Caroline War, characaterised by French victories, was closed and was so-named because it had its beginnings in the plans of Henry IV, the first of the House of Lancaster to sit on the English throne. Though his plans never came to fruition in his reign, his warlike son reinvigorated them and brought the English to the height of their power in France with an English king crowned and reigning in Paris and King of the French.
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The effects of the Hundred Years’ War in England ... raised some questions about the extent of royal authority. Like the French, the English experienced a serious rebellion against the king during a gap in the succession caused by the death of Edward III when his grandson had not yet reached maturity. Called the Peasants' Revolt and also Wat Tyler’s Rebellion, the 1381 uprising saw some 100,000 peasants march on London to protest the payment of high war taxes and efforts by the nobility to reduce English peasants to serfdom. The mob murdered and burned the houses of government officials and tax collectors. The young king-to-be, Richard II, met the peasants outside his castle, defusing their violence by promising to meet their demands. At the same time, agents of the throne murdered Wat Tyler, a key leader of the revolt, and Richard II sent the peasants back to their homes in the countryside.
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Not unusually, the roots of the Hundred Years War lay in part with royal inheritance lines. The Capetian Dynasty, which had ruled in France for over 300 years, had no male heir for the throne, and Edward III, King of England, was the closest male relative. The French did not want an English king, and claimed that the line of inheritance was invalid, since it was not a continuous male line. Therefore, they claimed, Philip of Valois should be King. Both sides had a good case, and historical precedents to support them. Edward III eventually agreed to keep Gascony, in south-west France, in exchange for giving up his rights to the French throne.
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Hundred Years War England